UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

Or

Commission File Number 001-33417

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.

28 ENGELHARD DRIVE, SUITE B

MONROE TOWNSHIP, NJ 08831

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (609) 730-0400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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The aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of October 31, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $17.6 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on that date as reported on the NYSE American.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of July 22, 2024 was 92,708,981.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PowerBuoy^®, PB-Vue ^®, PowerTower ^®, Making Waves in Power ^®, Talk on Water ^®, WAM-V^® and the Ocean Power Technologies logo are trademarks of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. All other trademarks appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

We have made statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) in, among other sections, Item 1 - “Business,” Item 1A - “Risk Factors,” Item 3 - “Legal Proceedings,” and Item 7 - “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” that are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements convey our current expectations or forecasts of future events. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for future operations. The words “may,” “continue,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “anticipate” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in Item 1A - “Risk Factors.” In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur as contemplated and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this filing. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise.

Our fiscal year begins on May 1 and ends on April 30. When we refer to a particular fiscal year, we are referring to the fiscal year ending on April 30 of that year. References to fiscal 2024 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Company,” “Ocean Power Technologies,” “OPT,” “we,” “our” or “us” as used herein refers to Ocean Power Technologies Inc. and its subsidiaries.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Our solutions focus on three major service areas: Data as a Service (“DaaS”), which includes data collected by our Wave Adaptive Modular Vessel (WAM-V®) autonomous vehicles or our PowerBuoy® PB product lines; Robotics as a Service (“RaaS”), which provides a lower cost subscription model for our customers to access use of our WAM-V’s®; and Power as a Service (“PaaS”), which includes our PowerBuoy® products.

Our mission is to provide intelligent maritime solutions and services that enable more secure and more productive utilization of our oceans and waterways, provide clean energy power services, and offer sophisticated surface and subsea maritime domain awareness solutions. The Company achieves this through our proprietary, state-of-the-art technologies that are at the core of our clean and renewable energy platforms, autonomous systems, solutions and services. The Company is involved in the entire life cycle of product development, from product design through assembly, testing, deployment, maintenance and upgrades, while working closely with partners across our supply chain. The Company also works closely with our third-party partners that provide us with, among other things, software, controls, sensors, integration services, and marine installation services. Our solutions are based on proprietary technologies that enable autonomous, zero or low carbon emitting, and cost-effective data collection, analysis, transportation and communication. Our solutions are primarily suited to ocean and other offshore environments, and support generation of actionable intelligence on a standalone basis or working with other data sources. We channel the information we collect, and other communications, through control equipment linked to edge computing and cloud hosting environments. The data collected by OPT’s technologies underscores the Company’s unique position as a system of systems provider. What sets OPT apart is its ability to enhance these data collection capabilities by integrating the WAM-V and PB systems. This integration enables the use of artificial intelligence and Machine Learning not only to improve data accuracy and operational efficiency but also delivery of actionable intelligence.

In November 2023 we announced that we have substantially completed our research and development phase and are primarily focused on commercial activities. We have built a suite of products (more fully described below) that we believe will be the basis for our current and future commercial success resulting in meaningful progress in orders, pipeline, and backlog. This pivot to commercial activities has enabled reallocation of headcount, resulting in approximately $4.5 million in annual run rate savings, and a material reduction in third-party expenditures. The majority of our employees are now dedicated to customer sales, assembly, delivery and operations support.

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey in April 1984 and began commercial operations in 1994. On April 23, 2007, we reincorporated in Delaware.

Our Solutions

Data as a Service

Our DaaS solution is at the forefront of our strategic goal to be a leader in offshore data collection, integration, analytics and real time communication for a variety of important applications. For example, our solutions can track surface vessel movement for maritime border enforcement and illegal fishing interdiction, provide security for offshore wind farms and oil and gas fields, and provide harbor or port security as well as logistics support. We have the ability to support aquaculture and gather information on ocean currents, water quality, wind and other weather metrics, provide photography, and map shorelines or subsurface bathymetry, objects and activity. We also offer 24/7 monitoring solutions that can provide meaningful real time information, and long-term data collection and analytics for sophisticated applications across many industries and scientific applications. Additionally, the stability of our WAM-V® platform makes it an ideal solution to produce high quality sonar data in many sea conditions for subsea surveys. WAM-V’s® can also be outfitted with various equipment for the performance of marine infrastructure surveys, berth clearance surveys, dredging surveys, and mining pit surveys.

In October 2020, the Company launched its DaaS offering in support of the U.S. Navy’s Naval Postgraduate School’s (“NPS”) Field Experimentation (formerly Sea, Land, Air, Military Research Initiative). In February 2024, the Company received additional funding from the Naval Postgraduate School for the year-long deployment of a PowerBuoy® in Monterey Bay. The PowerBuoy®, integrating our MDAS along with cutting-edge Satellite communication and AT&T 5G technology, will demonstrate its persistent surveillance and communications capacities in a maritime environment. This deployment marks a significant milestone in maritime technology, showcasing the potential of standalone at-sea infrastructure nodes to support diverse operational needs. We have further expanded our DaaS offering through field demonstration such as ANTX Coastal Trident 2022, as well as the Naval Task Force 59 for the Digital Horizon field exercise and the International Maritime Exercise (IMX) in Bahrain. Additional DaaS contracts include Sulmara for survey services with our WAM-V® platform and Phase I funding through National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program.

In September 2023, the Company received an award of three separate Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Multiple-Award Contracts (MAC) from NOAA. NOAA has selected OPT as one of several Multiple Award IDIQ contract holders to provide Uncrewed Maritime Systems (UMS) Services to NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO), Uncrewed Systems Operation Center (UxSOC). Under these contracts, OPT will bring its expertise to utilize cutting-edge UMS to support NOAA in conducting vital marine resource surveys and research while also playing a pivotal role in enhancing NOAA’s meteorological and oceanographic observations, further advancing our understanding of the natural world. Finally, OPT will collaborate with NOAA to explore and characterize the depths of our oceans, contributing to the discovery and preservation of invaluable marine ecosystems.

Additionally, the Company was awarded a contract to provide scientific hardware delivery, training, and integration services under a subcontract for a U.S. government agency. This project seeks to identify and integrate sensors and systems and share data suitable for the full spectrum of maritime operations. We will provide the required hardware, hardware deployment support, software, software deployment support, integration services, surveillance and telemetry data, and associated training in support of a legacy PB3 PowerBuoy® equipped with our Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) solution. The project will be deployed in support of security efforts to detect illegal, unreported, and unregulated (“IUU”) fishing, dark vessels, and human/drug trafficking in operation 24/7/365. As further discussed under “Commercial Activities,” the Company was awarded a contract in support of foreign law enforcement partners. This collaboration aims to protect vital marine species and combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities in critical habitats using our state-of-the-art uncrewed technologies and demonstrates unprecedented, networked surveillance capabilities and evidence collection.

Maritime Domain Awareness Solution

The International Maritime Organization defines Maritime Domain Awareness as the effective understanding of any activity that could impact the security, safety, economy, or environment related to and within our oceans and seas. Since 2002, the U.S. has had an active strategy to secure the maritime domain, primarily through the U.S. Navy. Furthermore, in 2020 the U.S. Coast Guard elevated IUU fishing, one aspect of MDA security, as the leading global maritime threat.

We have designed our solution to provide detailed, localized maritime domain awareness that can be utilized for a wide range of applications across market segments. Our MDAS base hardware consists of a high-definition radar, a stabilized high-definition optical and thermal imaging camera, and a vessel Automatic Identification System (“AIS”) detection module. This hardware can be customized or supplemented by other solutions, depending on the requirements of our customers. These devices can be mounted on our products, such as our legacy PB3 and NextGen PB or WAM-V®, and then, utilizing integrated command and control software, data would be sent to us and to our customers via secure communications channels. Multiple sensors can be used on a single unit based on the comprehensiveness of the needs of our customers.

Our MDAS processes data onboard our platforms (i.e., edge computing) and transmits the results to our cloud-based analytics platform via secure Wi-Fi and cellular and satellite communications. We anticipate integrating our MDAS solution into our WAM-V’s® to add mobile assets for patrols or interdiction and utilizing satellite communication to expand the availability of our data service. Surveillance data can be integrated with third party marine monitoring software or with our own MDA software solution to provide command and control features of a multi-platform surveillance network. As an example, one or more WAM-Vs® can be networked to our self-powered buoy, which acts as a central data and communication hub. These WAM-Vs® can significantly increase the range of our MDAS network solutions. The data can also be integrated with satellite, weather, bathymetric, and other third-party data feeds to form a detailed surface and subsea picture of a monitored area. All vessel video, radar, and track data is securely stored in our cloud, or the customer’s cloud environment and is accessible for as long as required by the customer for further analysis and reference.

The Company launched the first commercially ready MDAS on a test buoy off the coast of New Jersey in September 2021. The system includes our proprietary integration of sensors, hardware and software, supported by cloud infrastructure as well as having a web-based user interface that displays camera, radar, AIS and live chart data. During the first half of calendar 2024 we successfully demonstrated the system multiple times for potential customers, including a showcase in San Diego Bay at the U.S. Navy’s Advanced Naval Technology Exercise, and remote demonstrations using assets deployed off New Jersey for potential customers active in the Mediterranean, South America and Middle East.

Autonomous Vehicles

Our Autonomous Vehicles business incorporates the patented WAM-V® technology, which enables roaming capabilities for unmanned maritime systems in waters around the world. The first WAM-V® was launched in 2007 as a new vehicle class to deliver reliable autonomous surface vehicles to customers that could provide robust, real-time data collection and reporting. Our Autonomous Vehicles business also provides RaaS, allowing customers to lease WAM-V® robotics and access information from our WAM-Vs® while we maintain ownership and maintenance and repair responsibilities. Today, WAM-Vs® operate in ten countries for commercial, military defense and scientific uses. Our WAM-Vs® exist in three primary sizes of 8, 16, and 22 feet. However, many of the design components are common across the sizes, allowing for integration of different payloads and adaptation of the payload platforms for larger equipment. All sizes can be adapted to suit electric or liquid fuel propulsion methods.

The WAM-V® product line highly complements the Company’s business strategy and can be used inshore, nearshore, and offshore. This business continues to grow and is further expanding into core marine survey and maritime security markets in the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. We continue to find ways to integrate Autonomous Vehicles with the Company’s existing platforms and service offerings and expect to take advantage of new synergistic opportunities as they arise. In addition, in connection with our Merrows offering noted below, we are already integrating data streams relating to all aspects of, on, under, adjacent to, or bordering on a sea, ocean, or other navigable waterway onto the WAM-V® to expand our offering to provide a roaming MDA solution to our customers.

Recent Technological Advancements

In August 2023 we successfully demonstrated a WAM-V attaching itself remotely to a buoy and establishing a connection that enabled charging. This successful electrical connection that enabled charging represents a significant step forward in the integration of renewable energy sources within the maritime industry and paves the way for a future where electrically propelled autonomous vessels can operate for extended durations, opening doors to potential new applications within the maritime domain. We are continuing to advance the ability to remotely charge our WAM-V® from our PowerBuoy® platforms, enabling persistent, resident and roaming capabilities.

The Company continues to advance its efforts with the WAM-V® in the defense and national security industry. To that end, it has started working with various U.S. Government agencies to provide its assets on a Contractor Owned Contractor Operated, Government Owned Government Operated, and Government Owned Contractor Operated basis. These advances are being supported through the hiring of employees that are U.S. citizens and the Company’s workforce is now approximately 25% veterans. As part of these efforts, the Company is also working with other Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) providers to support autonomous swarming services for the defense industry.

In April 2024 the Company announced Merrows, a projected significant step forward to enhance maritime domain awareness and underline the critical importance of ocean security’s role in national security. Merrows is OPT’s groundbreaking consolidated solution offering comprehensive ocean surveillance and involves the deployment of sophisticated Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance systems. These systems are integrated within OPT’s roaming technologies, such as the Wave Adaptive Modular Vessel, and resident technologies, like the PB, to offer an unparalleled level of surveillance and data analysis capability. This initiative, which builds on OPT’s recently completed R&D efforts, demonstrates the company’s commitment to safeguarding the world’s oceans through advanced technology and innovation.

In May 2024 the Company announced it is approaching 15MWh of renewable energy production from its family of PB. The recent launch of its Next Generation PB off the coast of New Jersey has materially accelerated average energy production by combining solar, wind, and wave energy production capabilities. The energy generation numbers are based on deployments in the Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, and North Sea. OPT has demonstrated and delivered use cases as a proven solution for Anti-Submarine Warfare, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, USV Charging, and Environmental Sensing. These numbers show that non-grid connected marine energy production is not just for the R&D community but is a commercially available solution.

Robotics as a Service

During fiscal 2023 the Company introduced the subscription model for our customers to access our WAM-V’s®. Under this model we lease our WAM-V’s to our customers over a fixed time period or provide a specified number of use days, typically with a guaranteed minimum. This model provides a lower cost entry point for our customers to access our products, provides a try before buying opportunity, and allows our customers increased access during periods of increased need. The Company expects to benefit from the growing RaaS trend, providing greater visibility into predicting revenue and planning supply for demand, while providing our customers with flexibility and a lower cost of entry.

Power as a Service

PaaS solutions deliver value to customers by utilizing our managed power platforms. We continue to commercialize our proprietary power platforms that generate electricity primarily by harnessing the renewable energy of ocean waves. In addition to offering our commercial legacy PB3, we have added solar power options to our next generation PowerBuoy® (the “NextGen PB”) and have the option of adding small wind turbines to supplement power generation. The NextGen PB includes versions with and without a wave energy converter (WEC), with the non-WEC version replacing our previous hybrid PB. Our focus for these solutions is on bringing autonomous clean power to our customers wherever it is required. Moreover, offshore data and communications networks require power to function, and our solution solves this need without requiring ongoing battery replacement or older technologies such as shore station power cables. Many of the lessons learned from the deployments of both our legacy PB3 and demonstrator systems have been used to develop the next generation of PowerBuoy® systems that are based on modularity for WEC and non-WEC applications. The legacy PB3 will continue to be available and supported in addition to the support provided to the NextGen PB, which was fully commercialized during fiscal 2024.

Next Generation PowerBuoy® (NextGen PB)

The NextGen PB is our future platform that integrates the lessons learned from the legacy PB3 and our demonstrator systems. It consists of two versions, one utilizing solar and wind power and one utilizing solar and wind power plus wave energy conversion capability, to provide reliable power in remote offshore locations, regardless of ocean wave conditions. Both versions utilize the same spar shape, thus increasing modularity and decreasing part count and costs. The WEC technology in the NextGen PB is based on our ongoing Mass on Spring Wave Energy Converter (MOSWEC) development which has the advantages of smaller size, lower cost, environmentally sealed design, and increased energy generation capability. The prototype of the solar and wind PowerBuoy® and the prototype of the MOSWEC PowerBuoys^® has been tested off the coast of New Jersey and the solar and wind system was used during the MDAS demonstration for ANTX during fiscal 2023.

We believe this product addresses a broader spectrum of customer deployment needs, including low-wave and nearshore environments, with the potential for greater product integration within each customer project. The NextGen PB is intended to provide a stable energy platform for our MDAS solution, and for agile deployment of other intelligence gathering surface and subsea sensors, subsea power applications, such as a surface communications hub for electric remotely operated vehicles (“eROV”) and autonomous underwater vehicles used for mine counter measures, unexploded ordinance disposal, subsea acoustic monitoring, underwater inspections and short-term maintenance, and subsea equipment monitoring and control. The design has a high payload capacity for surveillance and communications equipment, including subsea acoustics, with the capability of being tethered to subsea payloads such as batteries, or with a conventional anchor mooring system. Energy is stored in onboard lithium-ion batteries which can power subsea and topside payloads. The control system uses sensors and an onboard computer to continuously monitor the subsystems. The NextGen PB is designed to be able to operate over a broad range of temperature and ocean wave conditions. It has a 50kW-hour battery system which can be expanded up to 100 kW-hour energy.

Legacy PB3 PowerBuoy^®

The legacy PB3 uses proprietary technologies that convert the hydrokinetic energy of ocean waves into electricity. The legacy PB3 generates a nominal nameplate capacity rating of up to three kilowatts (“kW”) of peak power. Our Energy Storage System (“ESS”) has a capacity of up to a nominal 150 kW-hours to meet specific application requirements.

The legacy PB3 is designed to generate power for use independent of the power grid in offshore locations. As ocean waves pass the legacy PB3, the rising and falling of the waves are converted into mechanical energy, which in turn, drives the electric generator. The power electronics system then conditions the electrical output which is stored within the ESS.

The operation of the legacy PB3 is controlled by our customized, proprietary control system. The control system uses sensors and an onboard computer to continuously monitor the legacy PB3 subsystems. We believe that this ability to optimize and manage the electric power output of the legacy PB3 is a significant advantage of our technology.

Strategic Consulting Services

In November 2023 OPT divested its non-core strategic consulting team so that it can more fully focus its efforts and resources on the commercialization of its cutting-edge pipeline of products – particularly for the national security and defense markets. Going forward, the focus of our Strategic Consulting Services will be on delivering value to our customers through services which can be integrated in support of our broader PaaS, DaaS and/or RaaS solutions.

Strategy and marketing

Our strategy includes developing integrated solutions and services, including autonomous and cloud-based delivery systems for ocean intelligence, ocean data and predictive analytics to provide actionable intelligence including our product offering Merrows. We also have a number of resellers and strategic alliances, including partnerships recently entered into in the Middle East and USA to advance our product and services and gain further adoption from our target markets. Our marketing efforts are focused on offshore locations that require a cost-efficient solution for renewable, reliable, and persistent power, data collection, and communications, either by supplying electric power to payloads that are integrated directly with our products or located in its vicinity, such as on the surface, the seabed, or in the water column. Our recent projects have been primarily focused on military and government applications.

Our recent market analysis reveals evolving dynamics within the offshore MDA sector, notably influenced by the technological revolution that enhances MDA capabilities through advanced, low-cost unmanned systems. This shift, highlighted by the National Plan to achieve MDA by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) and the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) in their 2022 ‘Unmanned Maritime Systems’ report on Maritime Security, is further exemplified by the U.S. Coast Guard’s March 2023 Unmanned System Strategic Plan. This plan outlines a vision to effectively employ, defend against, and regulate unmanned systems in maritime operations, underscoring the strategic importance of collaborative international efforts in maritime security. The U.S. is actively encouraging Pacific allies to bolster their maritime surveillance capabilities to counteract regional coercive behaviors, reflecting a broader trend towards democratizing technology to enhance global maritime safety, security, and prosperity. This aligns with our company’s positioning, as our products are well-suited to enable the Coast Guard and other maritime bodies to achieve their mission-critical capabilities in surveillance, detection, classification, identification, and prosecution, which are essential for executing statutory missions. Moreover, large defense contractors’ increasing interest in the “ocean data collection” space, through acquisition of small and mid-size unmanned and autonomous surface vehicle companies, signifies a growing market and application opportunities for our unmanned system offerings. Within the United States, our MDAS deployed on NextGen PB can also be deployed domestically, enhancing our market size.

Unmanned systems are increasingly in demand by defense and security and commercial companies to reduce costs and improve safety in offshore operations. Also, geopolitical developments such as conflict in the Middle East and Eastern Europe demonstrate the need for countries to protect their borders. In addition, the need to protect exclusive economic zones from illegal fishing activities and protect natural resources on the seabed are accelerating the adoption of solutions or technologies that collect, transmit, and synthesize data to provide actionable intelligence and decision-advantage to clients. Our recent operations in Bahrain and in the Asia Pacific region show the broadening geographic opportunity for our services, especially in the defense and security markets. This includes support for other unmanned assets, such as aerial drones, deployment of underwater vehicles, that can then communicate via PowerBuoy^® deployed communication links, and as a deployment platform for secure communication networks.

We are focused on serving defense and security organizations, while also targeting offshore wind, science and research, and ports and harbors. Our pipeline continues to grow and comprises primarily participants in defense and security markets. In addition, we continue to see a growing number of commercial opportunities as we witness growing interest from offshore wind companies for autonomous monitoring, surveillance and survey-related services during various stages of the project development cycle, including initial permitting that can reduce risk in permit obtainment and legal challenge. Further, we are attracting interest targeted toward subsea applications, using proprietary sensor payloads for environmental monitoring and subsea intelligence. We believe that our buoys and WAM-Vs® are uniquely able to deliver these services either as a standalone solution or in combination with other systems. Furthermore, we are becoming a trusted provider of solutions for the hydrography survey market, especially for shallow water operations.

Competitive Advantages

We continue to commercialize our current and future products and solutions by targeting customers in our principal markets (defense and security, offshore oil and gas, science and research, and offshore wind, as well as government applications in border protection, fishery protection and marine protected areas) that require resident, semi-resident, or roaming platforms. Our platforms provide stable and reliable power sources in nearshore and remote maritime locations for short and long-term deployments. We believe that our solutions and our existing commercial relationships provide the following competitive advantages in our target markets:

Our Target Markets

The Company takes a rigorous approach to market evaluation. Utilizing our deep internal industry knowledge as well as publicly available and purchased data, we evaluate total addressable market sizes. We apply screening criteria to narrow our focus within these markets and identify sub-segments and associated service addressable market sizes. These market evaluations are updated on an ongoing basis. The DOE has identified eight non-grid applications where renewable marine energy could provide consistent, reliable power. The identified marine energy applications are ocean observation, underwater vehicle charging, marine aquaculture, marine algae, seawater mining, seawater desalination, coastal resiliency and disaster recovery, and isolated communities. We have been focused on addressing the energy needs of some of these applications (e.g., ocean observation, underwater vehicle charging), and other offshore applications (e.g., maritime domain awareness, well monitoring and powering subsea equipment control systems).

Defense and Security

Our MDAS provides the ideal understanding of the global maritime domain impacting the defense and security markets by generating actionable intelligence from the sea. This modular, standalone solution can be deployed across multiple platforms and provides remote, autonomous monitoring that enables enforcement of maritime law in dangerous and remote ocean environments to improve safety at sea. Applications include port security, maritime border protection, and IUU fishing protection, among others. Using an integrated suite of monitoring components and data communications and analysis software, our MDAS can enable 24/7, real-time, unmanned offshore monitoring capabilities.

We believe that our buoys are uniquely positioned to be used to provide power and communications for multiple applications within the defense and security markets. The ability of the buoys to power multiple payloads may be an attractive feature for these markets, as their systems can be easily integrated into other PowerBuoy® applications allowing their operation to be concealed. One example of an application for domestic and international defense departments and defense contractors includes forward deployed energy and communications outposts (which is a current U.S. Department of Defense program), both above and below sea surface. Buoys enabled with our MDAS provide actionable intelligence from 24/7/365 radar and AIS vessel tracking (including “dark vessels”), automatic notifications and vessel warnings, real-time visual and Infra-Red video surveillance, with an integrated command and control user interface. Other examples of such applications include perimeter security, early detection and warning systems, remote sensing stations, high frequency radar, sonar, electro-optical and infrared sensors for maritime security, network communications systems, and unmanned underwater vehicle docking stations.

In addition, our WAM-V^® is an ideal platform servicing multiple applications within the defense and security markets, including high value asset protection, marine domain awareness, security perimeter, mine counter measures and explosive ordinance disposal, anti-submarine warfare, and border security. Multiple WAM-V’s^® can also autonomously work together to provide a security perimeter and coordinate to intercept suspicious vessels and provide valuable information before the threat gets near the protected asset. The portability of the WAM-V^® provides quick relocation of the entire system by air, sea or ground and the scalability of the WAM-V^® technology means that a common platform can be used for multiple missions with varying requirements. Our platforms and systems are designed to be operated in compliance with our customers’ and our internal cybersecurity standards and integrate with our customers’ command and control systems (“C2”). Additionally, we actively manage cybersecurity at the corporate level. by taking ongoing steps to protect data and systems from cyber threats. This continuous cycle of identifying risks, implementing safeguards, monitoring for attacks, and adapting to new threats reduces the risk of a cyberattack and the potential damage it can cause.

IUU fishing has become a global issue with both environmental and economic consequences. According to a report published in Science Advances by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it is estimated the global economic impact from illegal fishing to be as high as $50 billion. Most exclusive economic zone monitoring is done by offshore patrol vessels (“OPV”), which is one of the fastest growing naval product markets. We believe that our autonomous MDAS solution, which can be combined with mobile assets such as our WAM-V® or satellite imagery, can deliver substantial economic impact to governments over incumbent solutions in securing remote fisheries and MPAs. In the U.S. specifically, IUU fishing is considered a major maritime threat by the DHS.

Offshore Oil and Gas

We believe the offshore oil and gas industry is undergoing a significant transformation as it continues to invest in new technologies that enable carbon reduction, cost savings, and the electrification and digitization of operations. There are over 10,000 offshore oil and gas platforms worldwide, including exploration, production, reservoir management, and sites pending decommissioning based on information from organizations such as the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) and industry organizations and publications. Driven by the growing demand for electrification, we believe that we have opportunities to implement one or more buoys at some of these sites to displace current power solutions, or augment existing technologies. Customer feedback obtained through engineering studies with multiple oil and gas customers has helped identify target applications for our buoys – namely, temporary power and control communications for subsea fields experiencing umbilical degradation and subsea docking stations for future resident ROV/AUV applications for inspection, maintenance, and repair. The market for remote and autonomous charging of subsea assets, such as ROVs and AUVs, is rapidly taking shape. Based on various reports, other applications in the oil and gas market include providing power to unmanned platforms and area surveillance during decommissioning activities. Although estimates vary in these reports, they generally point towards more than 2,000 platforms (and corresponding wells) that need to be decommissioned over the next 10 years across the globe. We see this market materializing primarily in the North Sea and regions such as Brazil and Australia. Furthermore, there is an increasing market demand for providing interim power and control solutions for tiebacks where control and monitoring umbilicals are exhibiting failures. In addition, we believe the survey capability afforded by our WAM-V’s® is perfectly suited to serve a broad range of survey needs of the oil and gas industry often required for permit obtainment. WAM-V® stability produces excellent sonar data quality in higher sea conditions than comparably sized vessels and can be used as a force multiplier to existing manned assets or as the sole deployment tool. WAM-V’s® can be outfitted with various sonar solutions depending on requirements and identify any underwater obstacles or hazards.

Marine Charting

Since 2019, WAM-Vs® have been used in support of nautical charting efforts for NOAA-backed projects in the Great Lakes and Western Alaska. WAM-V’s® are teamed up with manned assets to provide enhanced capability, improving the project’s production efficiency and lowering the carbon footprint, when compared to a manned asset.

Science and Research

The science and research market provides environmental intelligence to the entire ocean enterprise, which supports ocean measurement, observation and forecasting, and is an important provider of information to maritime commerce and the entire “blue economy.” Maritime commerce and the scientific community depend on information in areas such as meteorology, climate change, ocean currents, and biological processes to inform operations and development. These groups often require a power and communications solution in remote offshore locations. Additionally, the increased interest in protecting marine habitats offers opportunities to collaborate with governments and NGOs to monitor marine sanctuaries.

Offshore Wind and Other Markets

Opportunities also exist in other markets such as supporting offshore wind farm development and aquaculture. According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s 2023 Offshore Wind Market Report, the U.S. offshore wind energy pipeline has reached 52,687 megawatts (MW) as of May 2023, including projects at various stages from installed to those in permitting. Investment in the offshore wind sector is accelerating. In 2022, approximately $2.7 billion was invested in infrastructure to support offshore wind projects, indicating a robust financial commitment to sustainable energy solutions.

The offshore wind fleet is forecast to grow 15-fold by 2040 and move further offshore with Europe alone connecting over 500 turbines in 2019. While these turbines develop significant power, there are opportunities pre-installation of the turbines to autonomously collect ocean data during the early stages and monitor marine habitats during construction. There are also opportunities to support ongoing survey work once wind farms are operational to mitigate carbon emissions and to provide communication stations for aerial drones performing maintenance inspection tasks. Furthermore, the U.S. recently approved the permits for the first major utility scale offshore wind farm. Providing wave power solutions to utility scale renewable developments offers an attractive proposition to support renewable power and autonomous operations. Our solutions can support aquaculture development with systems such as species escape tracking, effluent monitoring, and other water quality considerations.

Our WAM-V’s® are currently used to perform sonar surveys that support the marine infrastructure required for offshore wind development and installation. They can also assist during the planning and environmental permitting phase including metocean and environmental data and mammal tracking. We can also protect operations through MDA to monitor operations and vessel traffic and motion data analysis for predictive maintenance and safety.

We also provide offshore engineering, consulting, and design services for offshore wind, drilling contractors, defense contractors, construction yards, engineering firms, and oil and gas, wave energy, and marine construction and service companies including design review, forensic investigation, and expert witness services.

Business Strategy

During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024, we have continued to advance our marketing programs, products, and solutions (including Merrows noted above). We have substantially completed our research and development efforts, thus positioning the Company to increase its focus on delivering intelligent maritime solutions and services, particularly in the national security and defense markets. We intend to build on these efforts by introducing additional processes and making investments in appropriate human capital, operations, and manufacturing capabilities. In support of our focus on the national security and defense markets, we have developed a defense specific sales team, including veterans from the U.S. Navy and Swedish Navy.

In addition, on November 20, 2023, we retained Rear Admiral Victorino “Vic” G. Mercado (Retired) as a special advisor to the Company’s Board of Directors. We are leveraging Vic’s experience, expertise, and networks as we build on our momentum in providing intelligent maritime solutions to the U.S. Government and defense and security sectors, and carefully navigate the challenges of securing access to and protecting highly sensitive and confidential information.

The majority of the Company’s potential customers are in areas of defense and security, hydrographic survey, offshore wind, offshore and coastal communication networks, and MDA, including mitigation of IUU fishing, where the end use may be both domestic and abroad.

Historically, demonstration projects have been a requisite step towards broad solution deployment and revenue associated with specific applications such as our New Jersey MDAS test array as part of our DaaS solution and to highlight these capabilities. Customers may want their own dedicated demonstration depending on customer needs. During a typical demonstration project’s specification, negotiation and evaluation period, we are often subject to the prospective customer’s vendor qualification process, which entails substantial due diligence of the Company and its capabilities. Such demonstrations are often a required step prior to leasing and may include negotiation of standard terms and conditions. Many proposals contain provisions which would provide the option to purchase or lease our PowerBuoy® or WAM-V® product upon successful conclusion of the demonstration project. The Company maintains a fleet of WAM-Vs® dedicated to demonstrations and has successfully demonstrated the capabilities of many of its solutions on its own or in customer-sponsored evaluation projects and remains focused on further demonstrations to build customer awareness and confidence and to drive revenue.

The Company is pursuing a long-term growth strategy to expand its market value proposition while growing the Company’s revenue base. This strategy includes partnerships with leading companies and organizations in adjacent and complementary markets. We continue to refine NextGen PB and WAM-V® products for use in offshore power, data acquisition, and real-time data communications applications, and to achieve this goal, we are pursuing the following business objectives:

Marketing and Sales

We continue to enhance our marketing capabilities across our target markets, and we are actively marketing our products and solutions. During fiscal 2024 we significantly streamlined our marketing and sales team to focus on the defense and security markets, both in the U.S. and internationally, as well as expanded into global regions we believe offer the most opportunity for growth, such as Latin America. We believe the addition of this deep industry knowledge positions us well for success in these markets in fiscal 2025 and beyond. Because some of our solutions use technology that is not yet fully adopted by customers within our target markets in every case, we expect that the customer decision process will continue to include substantial time educating end-users and stakeholders, which may result in the continuation of a lengthy sales cycle.

One of the primary ways we showcase our Company’s products, services and expertise is through demonstrations, conferences, and selective use of trade shows. We utilize our database to select conferences and trade shows where we will have the most effective visibility to our potential clients. During fiscal 2025, we have plans to continue to attend and present at various demonstrations, conferences, and trade shows in the U.S., Europe, and the Middle East.

Additionally, we seek to enter strategic relationships to develop application solutions with commercial and military sensor and equipment manufacturers.

Competition

We expect to compete with other providers in the DaaS, RaaS, and PaaS industries. Our DaaS solution competes with other data acquisition companies in a variety of industries, from sensor and measurement equipment providers to other providers of autonomous vehicles.

Our PaaS solution competes with other offshore autonomous power sources, primarily consisting of subsea batteries, solar and fossil-fuel power sources, where many of the providers are substantially larger than us and may have access to greater financial resources. Incumbent sources of offshore power may also represent established and reliable power sources and may have already gained customer acceptance. Our ability to compete successfully for business from applications seeking offshore power will depend on (a) our ability to produce and store energy reliably and at a total cost that is competitive with or lower than that of other sources, and (b) the demonstrated reliability of our products and positive customer perception of our company. We also may have the opportunity to cooperate with other solution providers, such as other suppliers of subsea batteries where our PowerBuoys® could provide recharging capabilities or other providers of autonomous surface or underwater vehicles where our PowerBuoys® could provide charging and enhanced communications capabilities.

The vast majority of the companies in the DOE’s wave energy converter database are small, early-stage companies with a limited number of employees that do not have our in-ocean validation experience. Only a few of these companies have conducted testing similar to ours, such as accelerated life testing and extensive wave tank testing on small-scale models of their devices. We believe our in-ocean experience is critical towards proving the reliability, survivability and performance of any wave energy system, which we believe our future customers will require before adopting any wave generated energy solution. It is our belief that experience gained through full scale in-ocean deployments, coupled with other types of factory and laboratory testing, and our resulting understanding of risks and failure modes provides us with an advantage compared to potential wave energy competitors.

Competition for the WAM-V^® product line and RaaS solution includes companies which market solutions as ASVs and USVs. There are several established competitors in this space, with the pace of new entrants increasing in-line with the expanding market opportunities. Through our ongoing product development and building upon our years of commercial deployment data, we believe that we continue to maintain a first mover advantage in the smaller scale autonomous offshore power market.

We continuously monitor non-traditional competitive threats, such as multi-domain drones and artificial intelligence tools utilizing satellite data. We have had discussions with companies in these markets to evaluate synergistic solution development where we believe there may be a demand for cooperative solutions.

Commercial Activities

As noted above, we are now primarily focused on commercial activities. We have built a suite of products that we believe will be the basis for our current and future commercial success resulting in meaningful progress in orders, pipeline, and backlog. We continue to seek new strategic relationships and further develop our existing partnerships. We collaborate with companies that have developed or are developing in-ocean applications requiring a persistent source of power that is also capable of real time data collection, processing and communication, to address potential customer needs. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had four and two customers whose revenue accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue, respectively. These revenues accounted for approximately 52% and 32% of the Company’s total revenue for the respective periods.

In order to achieve success in ongoing commercialization efforts, we must expand our customer base and obtain commercial contracts to lease or sell our solutions and services to customers. Our potential customer base for our solutions includes various public and private entities, and agencies that require remote offshore power.

Current and Recent Contracts

The following contracts were entered into during fiscal 2024:

Business Relationships

We believe that our solutions are best developed, sold, deployed, and maintained together with subject matter experts in their respective fields. This enables the Company to protect, maintain, and evolve our various platforms and integrate them with surface and subsea payloads. The Company has previously entered into business relationships focused on including, but not limited to, deployment and installations, sourcing of surface payloads, and integration with autonomous vehicles. To augment our own internal software development team and further develop the MDAS, we maintain ongoing strategic software and robotics partnerships with software companies. We believe the business relationships with these software companies will further the development, alongside our internal technology resources, of our next-generation MDAS product for the maritime industrial market and governmental defense and security organizations.

Our third-party software companies are contributing to the Company’s MDAS by providing integration software, control software, autonomy and systems integration for the buoy sensor payload. In addition, they are assisting the Company with designing and building a customized data platform that supports the Company’s MDAS with sensor data feed management, secure communications management, a cloud-based infrastructure, and web-based user interface. The platform was designed with a flexible architecture that allows the Company to integrate new sensor technologies and third-party analytics capabilities and share MDAS data with customers and partners. We also keep in contact with several offshore specialists and marine operations partners globally to support our deployment, maintenance, and recovery operations and projects.

Backlog

As of April 30, 2024, the Company’s backlog was $4.9 million. As of April 30, 2023, the backlog was $4.0 million. Our backlog only includes unfilled firm orders for our products and services from commercial or governmental customers. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contract.

The amount of contract backlog is not necessarily indicative of future revenue because modifications to or terminations of present contracts and production delays can provide additional revenue or reduce anticipated revenue. A substantial portion of our revenue is recognized using the input method which measures completion over time of customer contracts, and changes in estimates from time to time may have a significant effect on revenue and backlog. Our backlog is also typically subject to large variations from time to time due to the timing of new awards.

Product and Solution Development

MDAS

Expanding on our experience with our own initial prototype Marine Surveillance Solutions (“MSS”) system, we intend to continuously look for ways to further enhance and develop the next generation MDAS, which will combine radar, marine AIS and camera data with a custom developed command and control system to provide actionable information for our end users. We believe the sensor suite will be a combination of marine environment tested off-the-shelf components selected to optimize performance and cost.

This system could be utilized as a standalone node or in an array, which will provide near real-time information about the marine activity within a customer’s area of interest.

Legacy PB3 PowerBuoy®

We now consider the legacy PB3 to be a mature system and all development activities ceased during fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, we completed the commercial development of our NextGen PB, which incorporates lessons learned and customer feedback from various deployments of the legacy PB3, prototype buoys, and test buoys to optimize power generation through hybridization of renewable energy sources and lower installed cost of the system. As the NextGen PB is now fully commercialized, we have begun to de-emphasize next generation system fundamental research and development, instead focusing our efforts on ongoing product development, including continuous improvement and life cycle management. Integration of WEC capabilities into the NextGen PB and corresponding enhanced power generation capabilities is currently in the final development stages and expected to be completed in the fall of 2024.

WAM-V®

We will continue to develop the capabilities of the WAM-V® 8, WAM-V® 16, and WAM-V® 22 variants for the marine survey and defense & security markets. Control systems’ development will continue to provide additional features based on feedback from existing customers as well as the experience gained from our RaaS offering. Additionally, we will continue to develop and enhance our obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance capabilities, further advancing our progress towards the full Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) compliance (an international agreement that sets out the rules of the road for ships and other vessels at sea). We also see a growing market for launch and recovery systems and are working to integrate such systems into our WAM-Vs®.

Adjacent Capability Development

We continue to work with our partners to develop and deploy integration of adjacent technologies, such as aerial drones and underwater vehicles, into our products and solutions.

Intellectual Property

We believe that our experience differentiates us from other providers of DaaS, RaaS, PaaS, and WEC technologies. As a result, our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection of our proprietary products, technology and know-how, to operate without infringing upon the rights of others, and to prevent others from infringing upon our rights. Our policy is to protect our position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our patented technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and continuous technological innovation and may rely on licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position.

As of April 30, 2024, we have been issued 70 U.S. patents, of which 38 are active, 20 have expired and 12 were abandoned. Outside of the U.S., we have been issued 280 patents across 25 countries with 26 of the active U.S. patents having at least one corresponding issued foreign patent. Our patent portfolio includes patents and patent applications with claims directed to

The expiration dates for our issued U.S. patents range from fiscal year ending 2024 to 2041. We do not consider any single patent or patent application that we hold to be material to our business, although our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our technology will depend on our success in continuing to obtain effective patent claims and enforcing those claims once granted relative to the whole of our patent portfolio. In addition, certain technologies that we developed with U.S. federal government funding are subject to certain government rights as described in “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”

We use trademarks on nearly all our products and believe that having distinctive marks is an important factor in marketing our products. We have registered our PowerBuoy^®, PB-Vue ^®, PowerTower ^®, Making Waves in Power ^®, Talk on Water ^®, and WAM-V^® trademarks in the U.S. Trademark ownership is generally of indefinite duration when marks are properly maintained in commercial use.

Regulation

Our products are subject to regulation in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions concerning, among other areas, site approval, use restrictions, and environmental approval and compliance. These regulations are adopted or updated on a regular basis, especially because our products include cutting-edge technology that is often changing faster than the regulations can be adopted or amended. WAM-Vs® are subject to a patchwork of rules and regulations in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions concerning the operation of autonomous and unmanned surface vehicles. Often, rules and regulations specific to autonomous, unmanned, and/or unmanned surface vehicles do not exist or are not explicitly defined. We advise our customers to always follow the rules and regulations as they apply in the jurisdiction in which they are operating.

The renewable energy industry has also been subject to increasing regulation. As both the renewable energy and wave energy industries continue to evolve, we anticipate that wave energy technology and our PowerBuoys® and their deployment will be subject to increased oversight and regulation in accordance with international, national and local regulations relating to safety, site approval, and environmental protection.

Site Approval. In the U.S., federal agencies regulate the siting of long-term renewable energy projects and related-uses located on the outer continental shelf (“OCS”), which is generally more than three miles offshore. OCS projects longer than one-year in duration are regulated by the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”). For projects located within three miles of the U.S. shore, regardless of duration, the adjacent state would be responsible for issuing a lease and other required authorizations for the location of the project. Generally, the same process applies to foreign sites where site approval is contingent on meeting both national and local regulatory and environmental requirements. In connection with issuing permits or leases enabling project use, the respective government agency often requires site restoration or other activities at the conclusion of the permit or lease period.

Environmental Approval, Compliance, and Health and Safety. We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees.

Subsidies and Incentives. Renewable energy subsidies and incentives are generally applicable only to electric generation and supply to the utility grid. However, our autonomous applications may result in a reduction of carbon emissions, which our potential customers may be able to publicize in their environmental stewardship reports upon our review and permission.

Manufacturing

Our core in-house manufacturing activity includes the assembly, final systems integration and testing of our products and components, which is conducted at our New Jersey headquarters and at our California facility.

Our corporate headquarters and most of our manufacturing operations are located in Monroe Township, New Jersey. This facility offers approximately 56,000 square feet of manufacturing and office space and allows for expansion of our manufacturing capabilities and a move toward higher volume production of our solutions. We believe our current manufacturing facilities are suitable, adequate and provide productive capacity for the Company. In April 2023, we entered into a lease for a new facility in Richmond, CA, providing improved resources as well as surge manufacturing and on water testing capability.

Human Capital

The Company believes that its future success is dependent in part on its continued ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. Therefore, investing in, developing and maintaining human capital is critical to our success. None of the Company’s employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. The Company is an equal opportunity employer, and as such, provides equal employment opportunities to all employees and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, creed, ancestry, national origin, citizenship, sex or gender (including pregnancy, childbirth, and pregnancy-related conditions), gender identity or expression (including transgender status), sexual orientation, marital status, religion, age, disability, genetic information, service in the military, or any other characteristic protected by applicable federal, state, or local laws and ordinances. On April 30, 2024, the Company had 43 full-time employees as compared to 72 at the end of fiscal 2023. The year over year decrease was partially the result of a decrease in headcount needed as a result of the completion of Research and Development activities as well as cost cutting measures on our previously disclosed path to profitability. The Company is committed to providing its employees with a healthy and safe work environment, which include policies to guide our efforts. We take a proactive approach to the identification and control of environment, health and safety hazards and risks. We work to continuously improve our Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment (“QHSE”) performance through methodologies that aim to prevent workplace injuries and illness, emphasize quality production, and provide ongoing safety education to employees. On June 2, 2021, the Company achieved ISO 45001 certification from Bureau Veritas (BV) for a 3-year term for its New Jersey location. On May 31, 2024 the Company again achieved ISO 45001 certification from BV for another 3-year term for its New Jersey location. During fiscal 2025, we plan to expand this certification to include our new Richmond, CA facility. ISO 45001 is an international occupation health and safety certification. We also recently passed our annual external audit from BV related to this certification. The safety management system provides procedures to enhance our safety profile and reduce incidents, so that all our employees go home safely every day. During fiscal 2023 the Company began work to become ISO 9001 certified for all our locations and expects to obtain this certification during fiscal 2025. Our focus during fiscal 2025 will be on implementing stop work authority, identification of hazards and risks whether at sea or in the shop, identification of lagging and leading indicators, and performance of quality investigations. Our long-term goal is to become a generative QHSE culture.

ESG

The Company recognizes the importance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) as essential elements to its success, delivering products that help reduce our customers’ carbon emission and preserve our oceans’ natural resources. As such, our Board of Directors has established an Environmental and Sustainability Committee (ES), which assists the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities by assessing the effectiveness of the Company’s programs and initiatives that support environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and sustainability policies, programs, and practices of the Company. The Company is committed to delivering innovative products and solutions while simultaneously working with high integrity, quality, a strong governance culture and respect for our employees, customers, vendors and the people in the communities where we do business.

In line with this commitment, the Company’s products and solutions support Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Goal 14 or SDG 14) which aims to protect and ensure “life below water” and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. OPT’s products and services align with this goal by offering a means to mitigate IUU fishing, collecting ocean data to support climate science, and removing carbon emitting energy sources from our oceans.

The Company believes that consideration of ESG matters is important to how it, and its solutions and services affect the environments, communities and societies in which it operates around the world. By adhering to international, national, and local customs, we believe we meet our governance obligations from the environment to personnel to safety as well as an ability to enable responsible development. The Company views itself as a responsible corporate citizen throughout the execution of its operations, as emphasized by its goal to provide low-carbon power and data solutions for offshore industries, scientific research, and territorial security. It is the Company’s goal that all products have a minimal environmental impact footprint compared to alternative solutions. This includes minimizing the emissions for both our facilities and products, implementing and deploying a database to track our carbon savings, utilizing renewable energy to power offshore data solutions, and providing products and solutions that monitor sensitive ecological areas.

Each deployed legacy PB3 operating in place of fossil fuel-based power in PaaS applications can directly displace four tons of carbon annually, or roughly the amount of carbon produced by two average automobiles. When combined with our MDAS for applications typically serviced by a manned guard vessel powered by diesel fuel, this can indirectly displace more than 300 tons of carbon for every 10 vessel days replaced, or the equivalent of removing more than 125 cars from the road. The WAM-Vs® are used in many applications, as described in previous sections, with one of the most common being hydrographic surveys. WAM-Vs® can either replace a manned vessel for near shore surveys or serve as a force multiplier to expand the range and speed of offshore surveys for a manned survey vessel. Each survey vessel day replaced by a WAM-V® can displace over 14 tons of carbon. Over a full survey season, this could exceed 1300 tons of carbon displacement, the equivalent of more than 500 cars worth of annual emissions.

During fiscal 2023, the Company worked with the NJ Clean Energy Program to conduct an energy audit and benchmarking report to compare our NJ facility’s energy usage to other commercial buildings in similar industries and provide recommendations to improve efficiencies. The Company also performed an audit of the carbon footprint for all Company business travel. Carbon offsets were purchased which exceeded the total carbon footprint of the annual NJ facility energy usage and Company wide business travel. In parallel, the Company has initiated an environmental impact assessment on our products, starting with the legacy PB3, with a focus on the potential of any environmental hazards of materials. Further data has been gathered around the legacy PB3 to determine the risk to marine life associated with our batteries. For recent deployments, we received a permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers and confirmation from the U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that the PowerBuoy® installation poses no material risk to marine life. Our batteries contain no toxic or rare earth metals and have a minimal risk of fires or explosions. In the unlikely event that water comes into contract with live batteries, wireless remote operation allows for the immediate discharge of energy to mitigate the risk of electrolysis that could create an explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen within the buoy. Further research is being performed into hazardous materials and any other risks related to our WAM-V® product line, including risk associated with the batteries we use in this product.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports are made available free of charge through the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website (www.oceanpowertechnologies.com) as soon as practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Material contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in this report. Our executive offices are located at 28 Engelhard Drive, Suite B, Monroe Township, New Jersey, 08831, and our telephone number is (609) 730-0400. Since June 2021, our common stock has traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “OPTT”, and previously, it traded on Nasdaq under the same symbol. The public may also read and copy any materials that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC located at http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors together with the other information contained in this Annual Report, and in prior periodic and current reports. If any of the following risks occur, they may materially harm our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and your investment could be lost.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

We have a history of operating losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability and positive cash flow.

We have incurred net losses since we began operations in 1994, including net losses of $27.5 million and $26.3 million in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of April 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $307.6 million. Our losses to date have resulted primarily from costs incurred in our research and development programs and from our selling, general and administrative costs. As we continue to develop our proprietary technologies, we expect to continue to have a net loss and use of cash from operating activities unless or until we achieve positive cash flow from the commercialization of our products and services.

We do not know whether we will be able to successfully commercialize our products and services or whether we can achieve profitability. There is significant uncertainty about our ability to successfully commercialize our products in our targeted markets. Even if we do achieve commercialization of our products and services and become profitable, we may not be able to achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

We may not be able to raise sufficient capital to continue to operate our business.

Historically, we have funded our business operations through sales of equity securities. We have raised approximately $0.5 million during fiscal 2024, and had an unrestricted cash balance of $3.2 million as of April 30, 2024. We do not know whether we will be able to secure additional funding if needed in the future or, if secured, whether the terms will be favorable to us or our investors. Our ability to obtain additional funding will be subject to several factors, including market conditions, our operating performance, litigation and investor sentiment. These factors may make additional funding unavailable, or the timing, dollar amount, and terms and conditions of additional funding unattractive.

If we issue additional securities to raise capital, our existing shareholders could experience dilution or may be subordinated to any rights, preferences or privileges granted to the new security holders. Any new securities issued could have rights senior to those associated with our common stock and could contain covenants that could restrict our operations. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

There are doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our current cash balance may not be sufficient to fund our planned expenditures through twelve months from the filing date of this Form 10-K. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our operations in the future and/or obtaining the necessary financing to meet our obligations and repay our liabilities arising from normal business operations when they become due. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes we are a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from any uncertainty related to our ability to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material. There can be no assurance that sufficient funds required during the next year or thereafter will be generated from operations or that funds will be available from external sources, such as debt or equity financings or other potential sources. The lack of additional capital resulting from the inability to generate cash flow from operations, or to raise capital from external sources would have a material adverse effect on its business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any such required funds, if available, will be available on attractive terms or that they will not have a significant dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.

Our business could be affected by macroeconomic risks.

The Company’s operations and performance depend significantly on global and regional economic conditions. Macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, slower growth or recession, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment and currency fluctuations can materially and adversely affect demand for the Company’s products and services. In addition, confidence and spending can be materially adversely affected in response to financial market volatility, negative financial news, declines in income or asset values, energy market dislocations and cost increases, labor and healthcare costs and other economic factors. An adverse impact on demand for the Company’s products, uncertainty about, or a decline in, global or regional economic conditions can have a significant impact on the Company’s suppliers and other partners. Potential effects include financial instability; inability to obtain credit to finance operations and purchases of the Company’s products; and insolvency. We cannot predict the timing or scale of these various macroeconomic conditions, but they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We currently maintain cash balances in accounts at U.S. financial institutions that we believe are high quality. These accounts are in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing operating accounts and may, from time to time, exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. If such banking institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held more than such insurance limitations. In addition, actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, our third-party vendors and counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Although we assess our banking relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our respective current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs, and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire future financing or access to capital on acceptable terms or at all. As the ability to access capital has historically been, and is expected to continue to be, one of our primary sources of liquidity, any adverse impacts on our ability to access such credit and liquidity sources as a result of adverse developments affecting the financial services industry could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations.

Currency translation and transaction risk may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, however sometimes we incur costs in the local currency of countries in which our customers and suppliers are located. As a result, we are subject to currency translation risk. A percentage of our revenue has historically been generated outside the U.S. and can be denominated in foreign currencies of our customers. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our revenue and cost of revenue and could result in exchange losses. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on the results of our operations. Currently, we do not engage in any exchange rate hedging activities and, as a result, any volatility in currency exchange rates may have an immediate adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Growth of Our Business

If sufficient demand for our solutions and services or new products does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, our revenue generation will be limited, and it is unlikely that we will be able to achieve and, if achieved, then sustain profitability.

Even if wave energy and maritime domain awareness technology achieve broad commercial acceptance, our products, including our MDAS offering, NextGen PB and Legacy PB and WAM-V^® autonomous surface vessels may not prove to be commercially viable technologies. We have invested a significant portion of our time and financial resources since our inception in the development of our PowerBuoys® but have not yet achieved successful large scale or profitable commercialization of our PowerBuoys^®. We have also added the WAM-V^® product line, but we have not achieved profitability with this product line. As we seek to manufacture, market, sell and deploy our PowerBuoys® and WAM-Vs^® in greater quantities, we may encounter unforeseen hurdles that would limit the commercial viability of these products, including unanticipated manufacturing, deployment, operating, maintenance and other costs. We may also encounter technical obstacles to deploying, operating and maintaining PowerBuoys®, WAM-Vs^®, or other products.

If demand for our solutions and products fails to develop sufficiently, it is unlikely that we will be able to grow our business or generate sufficient revenue.

In addition, if we are not successful in commercializing our new solutions and products, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to attract and retain management and other qualified personnel, we may not be able to achieve our business objectives.

Our success depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our management and other key product development, manufacturing, and sales and marketing employees. We cannot be certain that we will be able to attract, retain and motivate such employees. The loss of the services of one or more of these employees could have a material adverse effect on our business. There is a risk that we will not be able to retain or replace these key employees. Implementation of our business plans will be highly dependent upon our ability to hire and retain senior executives as well as talented staff in various fields of expertise.

Changes in senior management are inherently disruptive, and efforts to implement any new strategic or operating goals may not succeed in the absence of a long-term management team. Changes to strategic or operating goals stemming from the appointment of new executives may themselves prove to be disruptive. Periods of transition in senior management leadership are often difficult as new executives gain detailed knowledge of our operations. Cultural differences may also impact changes in strategy and style. Without consistent and experienced leadership, customers, employees, suppliers, creditors, shareholders and others may lose confidence in us.

To be successful, we need to attract and retain key personnel. Qualified individuals, including engineers, software developers, project managers and sales leadership, are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. All our employees are at-will employees, which means they can terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace. If we lose key personnel, or do not hire or retain other personnel for key positions, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our non-U.S. sales and operations are subject to risks inherent in conducting business outside the U.S., many of which are beyond our control including:

● political and social attitudes, laws, rules, regulations, and policies within countries that favor local companies over US companies, including government-supported efforts to promote local competitors;

● global trade issues and uncertainties with respect to trade policies, including tariffs, trade sanctions, and international trade disputes, and the ability to obtain required import and export licenses;

● differing legal systems and standards of trade which may not honor our intellectual property rights, and which may place us at a competitive disadvantage;

● pressures from foreign customers and foreign governments for us to increase our operations in the foreign country, which may necessitate the sharing of sensitive information and intellectual property rights;

● multiple conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including varying labor laws and tax regulations;

● reliance on various information systems and information technology to conduct our business, making us vulnerable to cyberattacks by third parties or breaches due to employee error, misuse, or other causes, that could result in business disruptions, loss of or damage to our intellectual property and confidential information (and that of our customers and other business partners), reputational harm, transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, or other adverse consequences;

● regional or global economic downturns or recessions, varying foreign government support, unstable political environments, and other changes in foreign economic conditions;

● the impact of public health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on employees, suppliers, customers and the global economy;

● difficulties in managing a global enterprise, including staffing, managing distributors and representatives, and repatriating cash;

● longer sales cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; and

● different customs and ways of doing business.

To date, our operations have not been materially adversely affected by global conflicts including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the current Israel/Palestine conflict, or the recent attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea. However, further escalation of these or other conflicts could result in, among other negative consequences, a disruption to the global economy and supply chain leading to a shortage of parts, materials and services needed to manufacture and timely deliver our products. Any such shortages could negatively impact our suppliers’ ability to meet our demand requirements and, in turn, our ability to satisfy our customer demand. These challenges, together with other challenges associated with operating an international business, may adversely affect our ability to recognize revenue and our other operating results.

If we are unable to effectively manage our growth, this could adversely affect our business and operations.

The scope of our operations to date has been limited, and we do not have experience operating on the scale that we believe may be necessary to achieve profitable operations. We added two acquisition over the last three fiscal years (one of which was subsequently divested in November 2023), and now have operations in New Jersey and California, without significantly increasing our support staff. Our current personnel, facilities, systems and internal procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future growth plans, which we expect to include organic growth as well as additional acquisitions and partnerships. This factor, when combined with the technical complexity of some of our development efforts, may result in our inability to meet certain customer expectations or deadlines and could result in an amendment to, or termination of, customer contracts or relationships. To realize our desired growth, we may need to add sales, marketing and engineering offices in our existing and/or additional locations nationally or internationally, which may result in additional organizational complexity and cost.

To manage the expansion of our operations, we may be required to improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, increase our manufacturing capacity and expand, train and manage our employee base, which may need to increase significantly if we are to be able to fulfill our current manufacturing and growth plans. Our management may also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties, as well as attract new customers and suppliers. If we do not meet these challenges, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures.

If we are unable to successfully negotiate and enter into service contracts with our customers on terms that are acceptable to us, our ability to diversify our revenue stream will be impaired.

An important element of our business strategy is to enter into service contracts with our customers under which we would be paid fees for services related to the maintenance and operation of our products purchased from us. In addition, we may offer to lease our products, sell power generated by our products or sell data gathered by sensors on our products. Even if customers purchase or lease our products, they may not enter into service contracts with us. We may not be able to negotiate services or other contracts that provide us with any additional profit opportunities. Even if we successfully negotiate and enter into such service contracts, our customers may terminate them prematurely, or they may not be profitable for a variety of reasons, including the presence of unforeseen hurdles or costs. In addition, if we were unable to perform adequately under such service contracts, our efforts to successfully market our products could be impaired. Any one of these outcomes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Actions of activist shareholders could be disruptive and costly and the possibility that activist shareholders may gain representation on or control of our board of directors could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, or share price.

While we strive to maintain constructive communications with our stockholders, we have been, and may in the future be, subject to actions initiated by activist shareholders, including without limitation three different lawsuits filed by Paragon Technologies, Inc. in Delaware. While the Company has successfully defended against these lawsuits, these efforts resulted in significant expense and management distraction. See below for further information regarding the Paragon lawsuits. Any activist campaign against OPT that contests, conflicts with, or seeks to change, our board composition, leadership, strategic direction, or business mix could have an adverse effect on us because: (i) responding to actions by activist shareholders could disrupt our operations, be costly or time-consuming, or divert the attention of our board of directors and senior management from their regular duties, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition; (ii) perceived uncertainties, including as a result of possible changes to the composition of our board, as to our future direction may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business or lack of continuity, any of which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our customers and/or employees and result in the loss of potential business opportunities, or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, and may affect our relationships with vendors, customers and other third parties; (iii) these types of actions could cause significant fluctuations in our share price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business; and (iv) if individuals are elected to our board of directors with a specific agenda, it may adversely affect our ability to effectively implement our business strategy and create additional value for our shareholders.

Failure by third parties to supply or manufacture components of our products or to deploy our systems timely or properly could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

We have been, and expect to continue to be, highly dependent on third parties to supply or manufacture components for our products, including for pre-fabrication elements. If, for any reason, our third-party manufacturers or vendors are not willing or able to provide us with components or supplies in a timely fashion, or at all, our ability to manufacture and sell many of our products could be impaired. Specifically, we have concerns about the delivery of semiconductors and specialty metals, which are necessary to produce our products, as well as our ability to find vendors for pre-fabrication elements of our products. Other global supply chain issues have caused our vendors to delay orders, or to request increased pricing that we may not always be able to pass on to our customers.

We do not have long-term contracts with our third-party manufacturers or vendors. If we do not develop ongoing relationships with vendors located in different regions, we may not be successful at controlling unit costs as our manufacturing volume increases. Additionally, we may not be able to negotiate new arrangements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or at all.

In addition, we rely on third parties, under our oversight, for the deployment and mooring for products. We have utilized several different deployment methods, including towing our products to the deployment location and transporting our products to the deployment location by barge or offshore workboat. If these third parties do not properly deploy our systems, cannot effectively deploy the products on a large, commercial scale, or otherwise do not perform adequately, or if we fail to recruit and retain third parties to deploy our systems in particular geographic areas, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our targeted markets are competitive and highly complex. We compete against incumbent solutions already being utilized by our customers and potential customers. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may be unable to increase our revenue and achieve or maintain profitability.

Our principal targeted markets include defense and security, offshore oil and gas, science and research, marine charter, and offshore wind. In our targeted markets, which are highly competitive, we compete against incumbent power and maritime domain awareness solutions already being utilized by our customers and potential customers. If we are unable to demonstrate to our customers and our potential customers that our products and services are competitive and reliable to alternative solutions, or if it takes us longer to do so than we anticipate, we may be unable to expand our business, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, continue to commercialize our products, or become profitable. In addition, if the cost associated with these development efforts exceeds our projections, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, competition may arise from other companies manufacturing similar products, developing different products that produce energy more efficiently than our products, or developing autonomous vehicles that perform better or have other characteristics that customers prefer, could make our products less attractive or render them obsolete. If we are not successful in manufacturing systems and solutions required for the application, we may not be able to respond effectively to competitive pressures from competing technologies or improvements to existing technologies. If we are unable to respond effectively to such competitive forces, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our targeted markets are subject to their own inherent risks, and if those risks should materialize, then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We market and plan to market our services and products in multiple international regions. If we are unable to manage our international operations effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We market and plan to market our services and products in multiple global regions, including parts of North and South America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and Asia, and we are therefore subject to risks associated with having international operations. Revenue from customers who are based outside of the U.S. accounted for 4% of our revenue in fiscal 2024 and 12% of our revenue in fiscal 2023. Risks inherent in international operations include, but are not limited to, the following:

Our business in foreign markets requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The current economic environment, particularly the macroeconomic pressures in certain European countries, may increase these risks.

Failure of our information systems or those of third parties or breaches of data security could cause significant harm to our business.

Our systems and processes involve the storage and transmission of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of employees, and possibly customers and others. In addition, we rely on information systems controlled by third parties. Information system failures, network disruptions, and system and data security breaches, manipulation, destruction, ransom, or leakage, whether intentional or accidental, could impair our ability to provide services to our customers or otherwise harm our ability to conduct our business. Any such failures, disruptions or breaches could also impede the development, manufacture or shipment of products, interrupt or delay processing of transactions and reporting financial results, result in theft or misuse of our intellectual property or other assets, or result in the unintentional disclosure of personal, proprietary, sensitive, or confidential information of employees, customers, and others. Our development and use of our MDAS platforms, cloud-based offerings, as well as our evolution toward DaaS, PaaS and RaaS models, require us to host increasing amounts of our own data as well as customer data, and increases the risk that our and our customers’ data and financial and proprietary information could be more susceptible to such failures and data breaches.

Cyber-security breaches of our systems and information technology could adversely impact our ability to operate or meet contractual obligations.

We utilize, develop, install and maintain a number of information technology systems. Various privacy and security laws require us to protect sensitive and confidential information from disclosure. In addition, we are bound by our customers and other contracts, as well as our own business practices, to protect confidential and proprietary information (whether it be ours or a third party’s information entrusted to us) from disclosure. Our computer systems, as well as those of our customers, contractors and other vendors, face the threat of unauthorized access, computer hackers, viruses, malicious code, cyber-attacks, phishing and other security incursions and system disruptions, including attempts to improperly access our confidential and proprietary information, as well as the confidential and proprietary information of our customers and other business partners. Industry-accepted security measures and technology to secure computer systems, and the information stored by cloud vendors on these systems are subject to threats. For example, as we plan to receive projects from the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”), we will have to meet their framework for establishing cyber security standards and best practices, what they call Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification at various levels as we grow our business with DoD. There can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent these threats, or that we will be able to secure appropriate certifications in this area. Further, as these security threats continue to evolve, we may be required to devote additional resources to protect, prevent, detect and respond against such threats. A party who circumvents our security measures, or those of our customers, contractors or other vendors, could misappropriate confidential or proprietary information, improperly manipulate data, or cause damage or interruptions to systems. If we are unable to protect sensitive information, our customers or governmental authorities could question the adequacy of our security processes and procedures and our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including evolving government cyber security requirements for government contractors. Any of these events could damage our reputation, result in litigation and regulatory fines and penalties, or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be limited.

We have federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards that are available to offset future taxable income. We may recognize additional NOLs in the future. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income that may be offset by a corporation’s NOLs if the corporation experiences an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Code. An ownership change occurs when our “five-percent shareholders” (as defined in Section 382 of the Code) collectively increase their ownership in OPT by more than 50 percentage points (by value) over a rolling three-year period. Additionally, various states have similar limitations on the use of state NOLs following an ownership change.

If an ownership change occurs, the amount of the taxable income for any post-change year that may be offset by a pre-change loss is subject to an annual limitation that is cumulative to the extent it is not all utilized in a year. This limitation is derived by multiplying the fair market value of our stock as of the ownership change by the applicable federal long-term tax-exempt rate. To the extent that a company has a net unrealized built-in gain at the time of an ownership change, which is realized or deemed recognized during the five-year period following the ownership change, there is an increase in the annual limitation for each of the first five-years that is cumulative to the extent it is not all utilized in a year. If an ownership change should occur in the future, our ability to use the NOL to offset future taxable income will be subject to an annual limitation and will depend on the amount of taxable income generated by us in future periods. There is no assurance that we will be able to fully utilize the NOL and we may be required to record an additional valuation allowance related to the amount of the NOL that may not be realized, which could impact our results of operations.

As noted, we believe that these NOL carryforwards are a valuable asset for us. Consequently, we have a Section 382 Tax Benefits Preservation Plan in place, to protect our NOLs during the effective period of the rights plan. Although the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan is intended to reduce the likelihood of an “ownership change” that could adversely affect us, there is no assurance that the restrictions on transferability in the rights plan will prevent all transfers that could result in such an “ownership change”. The Tax Benefits Preservation Plan could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or could discourage a third party from acquiring, us or a large block of our common stock. A third party that acquires 4.9% or more of our common stock could suffer substantial dilution of its ownership interest under the terms of the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan through the issuance of common stock or common stock equivalents to all shareholders other than the acquiring person. The foregoing provisions may adversely affect the marketability of our common stock by discouraging potential investors from acquiring our stock. In addition, these provisions could delay or frustrate the removal of incumbent directors and could make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us, or impede an attempt to acquire a significant or controlling interest in us, even if such events might be beneficial to us and our shareholders. Pursuant to the terms of the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan, the Board of Directors has authority to grant an exception to the 4.9% ownership threshold which could potentially limit the utilization of our NOLs.

Risks Related to Product Development and Commercialization

We have only manufactured a limited number of PowerBuoys®, and to date we have not produced these products in any significant quantity for commercial production. These products do not have a sufficient operating history to accurately predict how they will perform over their estimated useful life.

To date, we have only manufactured a limited number of PowerBuoys®. As a result, our products may not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated useful life. Our technology may not yet have demonstrated that our engineering and test results can be duplicated in volume or in commercial production. If our products are ultimately proven ineffective or unfeasible, we may not be able to expand the commercial production of our products or we may become liable to our customers for quantities we are obligated to produce but are unable to produce. If our products perform below expectations, we could lose customers and face substantial repair and replacement expenses which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face the possibility of a range of potential accident and safety risks and hazards, including hazards associated with extreme weather, wind and other environmental conditions, which are inherent in offshore operations.

Portions of our operations are subject to hazards and risks inherent in the building, testing, deploying and maintenance of our products, particularly offshore operations. These hazards and risks could result in personal injuries or loss of life. The unintentional release of a PowerBuoy® product from its mooring, for example, due to extreme environmental conditions and damage caused by its drifting, and other damages which may include damage to our properties, including our products, and the properties of others, or other consequential damages. Certain weather events could increase in frequency or severity requiring potential design changes or limiting the windows available for offshore operations.

Our autonomous vessels could cause other types of damage, including collisions with other vessels, property of others, or even swimmers or other persons or property utilizing a body of water where the WAM-V® is operating. This could also lead to the suspension of certain of our operations, large damage claims, damage to our safety reputation and a loss of business. Some of these risks may be uninsurable, and some claims may exceed our insurance coverage. Therefore, the occurrence of a significant accident or other risk event or hazard that is not fully covered by insurance could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results and, even if fully covered by insurance, could materially and adversely affect our business due to the impact on our reputation for safety.

Our relationships with our strategic partners may not be successful, and we may not be successful in establishing additional relationships, either of which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and services.

We have a number of critical relationships with strategic partners, specifically our software development partners. Generally, these types of relationships obligate a party to provide certain services or perform certain tasks in connection with the relationship with the alliance partner, and we are generally responsible for paying the costs we incur relating to such services or tasks. These relationships generally are not expected to provide us with any revenue or sources of financing. If we are unable to reach agreements with additional suitable alliance partners, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the commercialization of our products. We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate alliance partners. Moreover, these development agreements and strategic alliances are complex to negotiate and time consuming to document. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish additional strategic relationships or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any additional strategic relationships or other arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. Furthermore, even if we can find, negotiate and enter these relationships, such arrangements may be conditional upon our receipt of additional funding. There can be no assurance that we will receive such additional funding. In addition, strategic relationships may not be successful, and we may be unable to sell and market our products to these companies, their affiliates and customers in the future, or growth opportunities may not materialize.

We have limited manufacturing, deployment and internal software development experience. If we are unable to increase our software development and manufacturing capacity in a cost-effective manner, our business may be materially harmed.

We manufacture key components of our products, while outsourcing the manufacturing for other components of our products. We have only manufactured our products in limited quantities for use in development and testing and have limited commercial manufacturing and deployment experience, and our work with our vendors has not included work on multiple orders on time-critical deadlines. Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase both our manufacturing capacity and production and service throughput in a cost-effective and efficient manner, and to manage multiple vendors with several orders that have specific deadlines. In order to meet our growth objectives, we will need to increase our engineering, contract management, and manufacturing staff. There is intense competition for hiring qualified technical and engineering personnel. Therefore, we may not be able to hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel to allow us to meet our growth objectives.

We may be unable to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards or production volumes necessary to successfully commercialize our products. If we cannot do so, we may be unable to expand our business, satisfy our contractual obligations or become profitable. Even if we are successful in developing our manufacturing capabilities and processes, we may not be able to do so in time to meet our commercialization schedule or satisfy the requirements of our customers.

In addition, historically we have outsourced the majority of our software development activities. We may be unable to hire appropriate outsourced resources to enable us to meet the software development needs of our products and solutions. If we cannot do so, we may be unable to expand our business and become profitable or do so in time to meet the needs of our customers.

Problems with the quality or performance of our products would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our agreements with customers will generally include guarantees and warranties with respect to the quality and performance of our products. Because of the limited operating history of our products, we have been required to make analytical assumptions regarding the durability, reliability and performance of the systems, and we may not be able to predict whether and to what extent we may be required to perform under the guarantees that we expect to give our customers. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our products, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective systems in the future. We could bear the risk of claims long after we have sold our products and recognized revenue. Moreover, any widespread product failures could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We must continually improve existing services and products, design and sell new products and improve reliability in order to compete effectively.

The markets for our services and products are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards and continuous improvements of products. Due to constant changes in our markets, our future success depends on our ability to develop new technologies, products, processes and product applications. New product development and commercialization efforts, including efforts to enter markets or product categories in which we have limited, or no prior experience, have inherent risks. These risks include the costs involved, such as development and commercialization, product development or launch delays, and the failure of new products and line extensions to achieve anticipated levels of market acceptance or growth in sales or operating income. We also face the risk that our competitors will introduce innovative new products that compete with our products. If new product development and commercialization efforts are not successful, our financial results could be adversely affected. Our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if:

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain or maintain intellectual property rights relating to our technology and products, the commercial value of our technology and products may be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part upon our ability to obtain protection in the U.S. and other countries for our products by establishing and maintaining intellectual property rights relating to or incorporated into our technology and products. We own a variety of patents and patent applications in the U.S. and corresponding patents and patent applications in several foreign jurisdictions. However, we have not obtained patent protection in each market in which we plan to compete. In addition, we do not know how successful we would be should we choose to assert our patents against suspected infringement, and we do not know what the cost to do so would be. Our pending and future patent applications may not be issue as patents or, if issued, may not be issued in a form that will be advantageous to us. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection we may have for our products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, processes and know-how, particularly with respect to our PowerBuoy® control and electricity generating systems and our WAM-V^® systems. We generally seek to protect this information in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors.

Foreign laws may not afford us sufficient protections for our intellectual property, and we may not be able to obtain patent protection outside of the U.S.

Intellectual property rights protection continues to present significant challenges to U.S. companies operating around the world. The body of law is often relatively undeveloped compared to the commercial law in the U.S. and only limited protection of intellectual property may be available in those jurisdictions. Although we have taken precautions to protect our intellectual property, any local design or manufacture of products that we undertake in a foreign jurisdiction could subject us to an increased risk that unauthorized parties will be able to copy or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property, which could harm our business. We may also have limited legal recourse in the event we encounter patent or trademark infringement. If we are unable to manage our intellectual property rights, our business and operating results may be seriously harmed.

If we infringe or are alleged to have infringed upon intellectual property rights of third parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our products or use of our trademarks may infringe, or be claimed to infringe, upon patents, patent applications or trademarks under which we do not hold licenses or other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents, patent applications or trademarks in the U.S. and abroad. Third parties could bring claims against us that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent or trademark infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay manufacturing or sales of the product or component that is the subject of the suit.

As a result of patent or trademark infringement claims, or in order to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and be required to pay license fees, royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent or trademark infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other types of patent or trademark litigation and other proceedings, including proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and proceedings in the European Patent Office, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. The cost to us of any patent or trademark litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. In addition, if we were to license our intellectual property to others, we may be required to indemnify our licensee if the licensed intellectual property is found to be infringing on a third party’s rights. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources.

Our contracts with governmental entities could negatively affect our intellectual property rights, and our ability to commercialize our products could be impaired.

Our prior agreements with government agencies in large part funded the research and development of our PowerBuoy®. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, technical data and software, generally including, at a minimum, a non-exclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention, technical data or software for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise “march-in” rights. March-in rights refer to the right of the U.S. government to require us to grant a license to the technology to a responsible applicant or, if we refuse, the government may grant the license itself. U.S. government-funded inventions must be reported to the government and U.S. government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications; our rights in such inventions will normally be subject to government license rights, periodic post-contract utilization reporting, foreign manufacturing restrictions and march-in rights.

The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the technology or because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to U.S. industry. Our government-sponsored research contracts are subject to audit and require that we provide regular written technical updates on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, and, at the conclusion of the research contract, a final report on the results of our technical research. Because these reports are generally available to the public, third parties may obtain some aspects of our sensitive confidential information. Moreover, if we fail to provide these reports or to provide accurate or complete reports, the government may obtain rights to any intellectual property arising from the related research. Funding from government contracts may also limit when and how we can deploy our technology developed under those contracts. Foreign governments with which we contract to provide funding for our research and development may seek similar rights.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Compliance Matters

If we are unable to obtain all necessary regulatory permits and approvals, it is possible that we will not be able to implement our planned projects or business plan.

Offshore deployment of our products is heavily regulated. Each of our deployments is subject to multiple permitting and approval requirements. We and our customers are dependent on state, federal and regional government agencies for such permits and approvals. Due to the unique nature of in-ocean power generation and the associated potential for environmental hazards stemming from deployment of our products, we expect our projects to receive close scrutiny by permitting agencies, approval authorities and the public, which could result in substantial delay in the permitting process. New regulations surrounding the deployment of autonomous vessels could restrict or limit our ability to deploy WAM-Vs^® in certain jurisdictions. Successful challenges by parties opposed to our deployments could result in increased costs, or in the denial of necessary permits and approvals.

If we or our clients are unable to obtain necessary permits and approvals in connection with any or all our projects, those projects would not be implemented, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. If we violate or fail to comply with these permits and approvals, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.

In the event we are unable to satisfy regulatory requirements relating to internal control over financial reporting, or if our internal controls are not effective, our business, reputation and financial results may suffer.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and to effectively prevent fraud. Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to furnish a report by management on internal control over financial reporting, including management’s assessment of the effectiveness of such control. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results could be harmed, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, and there could also be a material adverse effect on our stock price.

Environmental and other regulation of our business, including potential climate change regulation, could adversely impact us by increasing our production cost or restricting our ability to deliver products to our customers.

Climate change serves as a risk multiplier increasing both the frequency and severity of natural disasters that may affect our business operations. Moreover, there has been a broad range of proposed and promulgated state, national and international regulation aimed at reducing the effects of climate change. In the U.S., there is a significant possibility that some form of regulation will be enacted at the federal level to address the effects of climate change. Such regulation could take several forms that could result in additional costs in the form of taxes, consultant costs, the restriction of output, investments of capital to maintain compliance with laws and regulations or required acquisition or trading of emission allowances. Climate change regulation continues to evolve, and it is not possible to accurately estimate either a timetable for implementation or our future compliance costs relating to implementation.

A portion of products we acquire from our suppliers are manufactured in foreign countries, making the price and availability of these products subject to international trade risks and other international conditions.

A portion of our parts for our products are sourced from foreign countries, some of which in the future are, or could become subject to trade restrictions, including increased tariffs or quotas, embargoes and customs restrictions, which would increase the cost or could reduce the supply of products available to us, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Tariffs on imports from foreign countries, as well as changes in tax and trade policies, such as a border adjustment tax or disallowance of certain tax deductions for imported product, could materially increase our manufacturing costs, the costs of our imported products or our income tax expense, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Tariffs imposed by foreign countries on imports of our products could also adversely affect our international sales. Any increase in manufacturing costs, the cost of our products or limitation on the amount of products we can purchase, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials, which require compliance with environmental and occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials. If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.

Our manufacturing operations, particularly some of the activities undertaken by our third-party suppliers and manufacturers, involve the controlled use of hazardous materials. These include batteries, various lubricants and oils. Accordingly, our third-party contractors and we are subject to foreign, federal, state and local laws governing the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those relating to the use, handling and disposal of these materials. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these hazardous materials. In the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental or health and safety laws and regulations, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including damages to natural resources, fines and penalties, and any such liability could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. While we have planned for future capital and operating expenditures to maintain compliance, we cannot assure you that environmental laws and regulations will not change or become more stringent in the future. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws, and any liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances will not adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Litigation

Litigation is costly and time-consuming to defend, and if decided against us, could require us to pay substantial judgments or settlements. We may be the subject of future securities or other litigation, which could adversely affect our company, our business and our liquidity.

Any litigation is costly, and time consuming to defend and may distract our management from the daily operations of our business. We may be the subject of additional future litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Although we maintain insurance coverage, we cannot assure you that this insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover the substantial fees of lawyers and other professional advisors relating to these pending lawsuits or any future litigation, our obligations to indemnify our officers and directors who may become parties to such pending and future actions, or the amount of any judgments or settlements that we may be obligated to pay in connection with these lawsuits. In addition, prior judgements and settlements have caused our insurance premiums and retention amounts to increase, and we may be subject to additional increases in the future or be subjected to other changes in our insurance coverage. Further, given the volatility of the market price of our common stock, we may be subject to future class action securities and other litigation. Accordingly, we have incurred and may continue to incur substantial legal expenses, judgments and/or settlements relating to pending and future litigation and our management’s time and attention may be diverted from the operation of our business, which could materially and adversely affect the Company.

We may become the target of securities litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

In the past, companies that experienced significant volatility in the market price of their publicly traded securities have become subject to class action securities litigation. Our stock price has been volatile, and class action securities litigation and derivative lawsuits have been filed against us, and it is possible that additional lawsuits could be brought against us in the future. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. These lawsuits assert types of claims that, if resolved against us, could give rise to substantial damages, and an unfavorable outcome or settlement of these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price. Even if any future lawsuits are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be material to our business and our operations. Moreover, these lawsuits may divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. For more information on our legal proceedings, see Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” of this Annual Report and Note 16 “Commitments and Contingencies - Litigation” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If we issue additional shares of our equity securities in the future, our shareholders may experience substantial dilution in the value of their investment or their ownership interest.

Our certificate of incorporation currently authorizes us to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of our common stock and to issue and designate the rights of, without shareholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. In the future, if we were required to raise additional capital, we may offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share paid by other investors, and dilution to our shareholders in the value of their investment and their ownership and voting interest in the Company could result. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by existing investors, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing shareholders.

In addition, we have a significant number of stock options and restricted stock units outstanding. To the extent that outstanding stock options, warrants or restricted stock units have been or may be exercised or other shares issued, current shareholders and future investors who have purchased our common stock will experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we issue new securities or raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our shareholders or result in downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

Historically, our stock price has been volatile, and this is likely to continue; purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses as a result.

Historically, the market price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly, and we expect that this will continue. Purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses relating to their investment in our stock as a result. Also, the stock market, particularly microcap stocks, experiences volatility that has often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations could result in fluctuations in the price of our common stock, which could cause purchasers of our common stock to incur substantial losses. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the items identified within these Risk Factors and the other information included within this annual report.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may delay or prevent attempts by our shareholders to change our management or our Board of Directors and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us.

As a result of our reincorporation in Delaware in April 2007, provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that shareholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions include:

In June 2023, our Board of Directors adopted a Section 382 Tax Benefits Preservation Plan in an effort to diminish the risk that the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryovers to reduce potential future federal income tax obligations may become substantially limited. The Section 382 Tax Benefits Preservation Plan is also intended to act as a deterrent to any person or group acquiring beneficial ownership of 4.99% or more of the outstanding common stock without the approval of our Board of Directors.

The affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote is necessary to amend or repeal the above provisions of our certificate of incorporation. In addition, absent the approval of our Board of Directors, our bylaws may only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested shareholder, which is generally a person who together with its affiliates owns or within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, Section 203 may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

If securities or industry analysts fail to cover us, or do not publish research or publish unfavorable or inaccurate research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

Currently we do not have significant analyst coverage, however, the trading market for our common stock could be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, or our industry from time to time. If no analyst covers us, or ultimately one or more of these analysts cease coverage or fail to publish reports on the Company regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price or trading volume of our common stock to decline.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. Also, there can be no assurance that the Company will have the liquidity necessary to pay dividends in the future if we want to do so. As a result, prospective investors and shareholders should make or maintain an investment in our common stock solely on the basis that potential future capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole only source of gain for our shareholders for the foreseeable future and there can be no assurance that any such future capital appreciation will occur.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

We depend on information technology and systems for various operations and for capturing accounting, technical and regulatory data for reporting, analysis, and archiving. Our primary business systems mostly consist of purchased and licensed software programs that integrate with our internal solutions. As of the filing date of this report, our risk assessment process related to cybersecurity includes conducting vulnerability assessments using a combination of internal and third-party capabilities to perform technical assessments, vulnerability scanning, and incident and event monitoring. With the oversight of our Board of Directors, our management team is responsible for implementing a thorough, risk-based cybersecurity program aimed at safeguarding our data, along with the data of our customers and partners, and based on well-organized cybersecurity frameworks under a central control figure. Risks from cybersecurity threats did not materially impact our business strategy, operations, or financial condition for the twelve months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 and are not reasonably likely to do so in the future, but no assurances can be made along those lines.

Additional information about cybersecurity risks we face is discussed in Item 1A of Part I, “Risk Factors,” under the headings “Failure of our information systems or those of third parties or breaches of data security could cause significant harm to our business” and “Cybersecurity breaches of our systems and information technology could adversely impact our ability to operate or meet contractual obligations,” which should be read in conjunction with the information above.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our headquarters are currently located in Monroe Township, New Jersey, where we occupy approximately 56,000 square feet under a lease expiring on April 30, 2026. We use this facility for administration, research and development, as well as manufacturing, assembly and testing of our products.

Additionally, we have a property located on the University of California Berkeley in Berkeley, California, where we occupy 1,220 square feet under a lease which is currently operating month-to-month. Additionally, we have begun leasing a property located in Richmond, California where we will occupy approximately 11,500 square feet under a lease expiring on June 18, 2028. We believe that our facilities are sufficient for our current needs and are in good condition in all material respects.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On June 16, 2023, Paragon Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation that is a shareholder of the Company (“Paragon”), informed the Company that Paragon was planning a proxy contest against the Company and intended to nominate candidates for election to the Company Board of Directors (the “OPT Board”) at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting (the “2023 Annual Meeting”). Subsequently, Paragon disclosed its intention to replace a majority of the six-member OPT Board with initially five purported nominees, including three members of the Paragon Board of Directors, and, thereby, seek control of the Company. In furtherance of Paragon’s threatened agenda, Paragon brought three litigation matters against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery.

As clearly evidenced by the above, Paragon has filed three lawsuits against the OPT Board and the Company in an effort to seek control of the Company, without following appropriate governance standards and without offering fair value to the stockholders.

In addition, Sham Gad, the CEO of Paragon has also maintained in public that the nature of Paragon’s proposed investment in the Company was “non-dilutive.” To that point, on April 24, 2024, Paragon made the following “non-dilutive $3MM preferred stock” offer to the Company: “...The preferred would have the option to be convertible to common stock, at $0.05 a share, or 25% of the 30-day average trading price, whichever is higher...”. After the Board correctly rejected the $3MM preferred stock offer, on June 7, 2024, Paragon issued a press release that proclaimed its offer was non-dilutive. In fact, Paragon’s offer was highly dilutive because the offer stipulated that the proposed OPT preferred stock to be issued to Paragon would be convertible to OPT common stock at a 75% discount to the fair market value of the common stock. The Paragon offer thus essentially amounted to a change in control of the Company at 25% of its fair market value.

In order to defend the best interests of the Company’s shareholders against Paragon’s lawsuits and public statements, the Company has spent approximately $3.9 million in fees and costs.

Spain Income Tax Audit

The Company underwent an income tax audit in Spain for the period from 2011 to 2014, when our Spanish branch was closed. In connection with the tax audit, the Spanish tax inspector challenged the Company’s recognition of grant funds received in 2011 to 2014 from the European Commission in connection with the Company’s Waveport project. On July 30, 2018, the inspector concluded that although there was no tax owed in light of losses reported, the Company’s Spanish branch owed penalties for failure to properly account for the income associated with the funding grant. On August 30, 2018, the Company filed an administrative appeal of the penalty and its underlying conclusions. During the three months ended July 31, 2020, the Company received notice from the Spanish Central Economic and Administrative Tribunal that it agreed with the inspector and ruled that the Company owes the full amount of the penalty in the amount of €279,869.81 or approximately $331,000. In the quarter ended October 31, 2020, the Company recorded an additional reserve of €117,145.81 (or approximately $154,000) to Selling, general and administrative costs in the Statement of Operations making the total reserve €279,869.81, which amount was paid by the Company to the Spanish Tax Administration on January 25, 2021. As of April 30, 2024, the Company had no reserve related to this audit. The Company has appealed the decision of the Tribunal tax assessment to the Spanish National Court. The Company expects a ruling on the appeal prior to the end of fiscal 2025.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shareholders

Our common stock was listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, under the symbol “OPTT” until June 2021 when the listing was transferred to the NYSE American under the same symbol. As of July 22, 2024, there were 119 holders of record for shares of our common stock. Since a portion of our common stock is held in “street” or nominee name, we are unable to determine the exact number of beneficial holders.

We adopted a Section 382 Tax Benefits Preservation Plan on June 30, 2023 to diminish the risk we could experience an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which could substantially limit or permanently eliminate our ability to utilize its net operating loss carryovers to reduce potential future income tax obligations. Under this plan, a person who acquires, without the approval of our Board of Directors, beneficial ownership of 4.99% or more of the outstanding common stock could be subject to significant dilution. See Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements included herein for more.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. At this time, we intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Transfer Agent Information

Our transfer agent is Computershare Trust Company, N.A. Computershare is located at 250 Royal Street, Canton, MA 02021-1011. Its contact information is: U.S. and Canada: (800) 662 - 7232, International (781) 575–4238, and its website is located at www.computershare.com.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

There were no purchases of equity securities by the Company for the year ended April 30, 2024.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth the indicated information as of April 30, 2024, with respect to our equity compensation plans:

(1) Consists of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

(2) Consists of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Employee Inducement Incentive Award Plan.

Our equity compensation plans consist of a 2006 Stock Incentive Plan and a 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan which were approved by our shareholders. Once the 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan was approved by the shareholders on October 22, 2015, no further stock options or other awards were awarded under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan and it was terminated. Shares that are forfeited under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan on or after October 22, 2015, will become available for issuance under the 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

The equity compensation plan that has not been approved by our shareholders is our 2018 Employee Inducement Incentive Award Plan.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

ITEM 6. [Reserved]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report, and elsewhere in this report, for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our fiscal year ends on April 30. References to fiscal 2024 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024.

Business Overview

Our mission is to provide intelligent maritime solutions and services that enable more secure and more productive utilization of our oceans and waterways, provide clean energy power services, and offer sophisticated surface and subsea maritime domain awareness solutions. The Company achieves this through our proprietary, state-of-the-art technologies that are at the core of our clean and renewable energy platforms, autonomous systems, solutions and services.

The Company provides ocean data collection and reporting, marine power, offshore communications, and Maritime Domain Awareness System (“MDA” or “MDAS”) products, integrated solutions, and consulting services. In April 2024 the Company announced Merrows, a groundbreaking consolidated solution offering for comprehensive ocean surveillance. Merrows encompasses the collection and transmission of data relating to all aspects of, on, under, adjacent to, or bordering on a sea, ocean, or other navigable waterway. OPT’s approach to addressing this challenge involves the deployment of sophisticated Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C5ISR) systems. These systems are integrated within OPT’s roaming technologies, such as the Wave Adaptive Modular Vessel (WAM-V), and resident technologies, like the PowerBuoys^® (PB), to offer an unparalleled level of surveillance and data analysis capability.

The Company offers our products and services to a wide range of customers, including those in government and offshore energy, oil and gas, construction, wind power and other industries. The Company is involved in the entire life cycle of product development, from product design through manufacturing, testing, deployment, maintenance and upgrades, while working closely with partners across our supply chain. The Company also works closely with our third-party partners that provide us with, among other things, software, controls, sensors, integration services, and marine installation services. Our solutions are based on proprietary technologies that enable autonomous, zero or low carbon emitting, and cost-effective data collection, analysis, transportation and communication. Our solutions are primarily suited to ocean and other offshore environments, and support generation of actionable intelligence on a standalone basis or working with other data sources. We channel the information we collect, and other communications, through control equipment linked to edge computing and cloud hosting environments.

Business Update Regarding Macroeconomic Condition

Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, political instability, regional conflicts, slower growth or recession, policy changes, higher interest rates, and currency fluctuations may have a negative impact on our business. These adverse conditions could impact the spending budgets of our customers, and therefore could adversely affect the sales of our products and services.

We will continue to monitor these conditions, and, if necessary, adjust our operations in response to these conditions such as scaling back, changing direction, or pausing certain planned expenditures.

Capital Raises

On November 20, 2020, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement with Alliance Global Partners (AGP) (the “2020 ATM Facility”). The 2020 ATM Facility was terminated by the Company effective June 2, 2023.

On August 7, 2023, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the “2023 ATM”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”), as sales agent, which was terminated effective December 2, 2023.

On March 21, 2024, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Offering Agreement with AGP with an aggregate offering price of up to $7,000,000 (the “2023 ATM Facility”). As of April 30, 2024, the Company had received proceeds of approximately $0.5 million under the 2023 ATM Facility.

The sale of additional equity under new facilities could result in dilution to our shareholders. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock, these securities could have rights senior to those associated with our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. The Company cannot be certain that additional equity and/or debt financing will be available to the Company as needed on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain required financing when needed, we may be required to reduce the scope of our operations, including our planned incremental product development and marketing efforts, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may be forced to cease our operations.

Backlog

As of April 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s backlog was $4.9 million and $4.0 million, respectively. Our backlog includes unfilled firm orders for our products and services from commercial or governmental customers. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contract.

The amount of contract backlog is not necessarily indicative of future revenue because modifications to or terminations of present contracts and production delays can provide additional revenue or reduce anticipated revenue. A portion of our revenue is recognized using the input method used to measure completion over time of customer contracts, and changes in estimates from time to time may have a significant effect on revenue and backlog. Our backlog is also typically subject to large variations from time to time due to the timing of new awards.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

To understand our financial statements, it is important to understand our critical accounting policies and estimates. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements also requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that accounting policies are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

We believe the following accounting policy requires significant judgment and estimates by us in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606 (ASC 606) for contracts with customers and Accounting Standards Codification 842 (ASC 842) for leasing arrangements. In relation to ASC 606, which states that a performance obligation is the unit of account for revenue recognition, the Company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies as a performance obligation as either: a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. A contract may contain a single performance obligation or multiple performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contracted transaction price to each performance obligation based upon the relative standalone selling price, which represents the price the Company would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. The Company determines the standalone selling price based upon the facts and circumstances of each obligated good or service. When no observable standalone selling price is available, the standalone selling price is generally estimated based upon the Company’s forecast of the total cost to satisfy the performance obligation plus an appropriate profit margin.

The nature of the Company’s contracts may give rise to several types of variable consideration, including unpriced change orders, liquidated damages and penalties. Variable consideration can also arise from modifications to the scope of services. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur once the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include such amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessment of legal enforceability, performance, and any other information (historical, current, and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. There was no variable consideration as of April 30, 2024 or 2023. The Company presents shipping and handling costs, that occur after control of the promised goods or services transfer to the customer, as fulfillment costs in costs of goods sold and regular shipping and handling activities charged to operating expenses.

The Company recognizes revenue when or as it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a good or service to a customer, either (1) at a point in time or (2) over time. A good or service is transferred when or as the customer obtains control. The evaluation of whether control of each performance obligation is transferred at a point in time or over time is made at contract inception. Input measures such as costs incurred are utilized to assess progress against specific contractual performance obligations for the Company’s services. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the services to be provided. For the Company, the input method using costs or labor hours incurred best represents the measure of progress against the performance obligations incorporated within the contractual agreements. If estimated total costs on any contract project a loss, the Company charges the entire estimated loss to operations in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to revenue, estimated costs to complete contracts, including penalties, change orders, claims, anticipated losses, and others are recorded in the accounting period in which the events indicating a loss are known and the loss can be reasonably estimated. These loss projections are re-assessed for each subsequent reporting period until the project is complete. Such revisions could occur at any time and the effects may be material. During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 the Company recognized approximately $3.6 million in revenue related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time and approximately $1.9 million in revenue related to performance obligations satisfied over time.

The Company’s contracts are either cost-plus contracts, fixed-price contracts, time and material agreements, lease or service agreements. Under cost plus contracts, customers are billed for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee.

The Company has two types of fixed-price contracts, firm fixed-price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed-price contracts, the Company receives an agreed-upon amount for providing products and services specified in the contract, and a profit or loss is recognized depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed upon amount. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. Under cost sharing contracts, an amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenue, resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. The Company’s share of the costs is recorded as product development expense. The Company reports its disaggregation of revenue by contract type since this method best represents the Company’s business. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, the majority of the Company’s contracts were classified as firm fixed-price and the balance were cost-sharing.

The Company’s revenue also includes revenue from certain contracts which do not fall within the scope of ASC 606, but under the scope of ASC 842. At inception of a contract for those classified under ASC 842, the Company classifies leases as either operating or financing in accordance with the authoritative accounting guidance contained within ASC Topic 842, “Leases”. If the direct financing or sales-type classification criteria are met, then the lease is accounted for as a finance lease. All others are treated as operating leases. The Company recognizes revenue from operating lease arrangements generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term, or as agreed upon in-use days are utilized, which is presented in Revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company also enters into lease arrangements for its PowerBuoys® and WAM-V® with certain customers. Revenue related to multiple-element arrangements is allocated to lease and non-lease elements based on their relative standalone selling prices or expected cost plus a margin approach. Lease elements generally include a PowerBuoy®, WAM-V®, and components, while non-lease elements, which the Company expects to become more prevalent, generally include engineering, monitoring and support services. In the lease arrangement, the customer may be provided with an option to extend the lease term or purchase the leased buoy or WAM-V® at some point during and/or at the end of the lease term.

Financial Operations Overview

As of the years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had four and two customers, respectively, whose revenue accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue. These customers accounted for approximately 52% and 32% of the Company’s total revenue for the respective periods.

We currently focus our sales efforts in key global markets in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. The following table shows the percentage of our revenue by geographical location of our customers for fiscal 2024 and 2023:

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue consists primarily of subcontracts, incurred material, labor and manufacturing overhead expenses, such as engineering expense, equipment depreciation, maintenance, and facility related expenses, and includes the cost of equipment to customize the PowerBuoy®, WAM-V® and our other products supplied by third-party suppliers. Cost of revenue also includes PowerBuoy® and other product system delivery and deployment expenses and may include losses recorded at the time a loss is forecasted to be incurred on a contract.

Operating Expenses

Engineering and product enhancement costs

Our engineering and product enhancement costs consist of salaries and other personnel-related costs and the costs of products, materials and outside services used in our product enhancement and unfunded research activities. Our product enhancement costs relate primarily to our efforts to increase the power output and reliability of our PowerBuoy® system and other products, to enhance and optimize data monitoring and controls systems, and the development of new products, product applications and complementary technologies. We expense all of these costs as incurred.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Our selling, general and administrative costs consist primarily of professional fees, salaries and other personnel-related costs for employees and consultants engaged in sales and marketing of our products, and costs for executive, accounting and administrative personnel, professional fees and other general corporate expenses.

Interest income, net

Interest income, net consists of interest received on cash, cash equivalents, and short term investments and interest paid on certain obligations to third parties as well as amortization expense related to the premiums on the purchase of short term investments.

Foreign exchange gain (loss)

We transact business in various countries and have exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Since we conduct our business in U.S. dollars and our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, our main foreign exchange exposure, if any, results from changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and transactions settled in foreign currencies.

The Company completed the process of winding down its Australian subsidiary during fiscal 2024. The Company began the process of winding down its UK subsidiary during fiscal 2024 and expects this to be completed during fiscal 2025. The unrealized gains or losses resulting from foreign currency balances translation are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss within Shareholders’ Equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized within our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We currently do not hedge our exchange rate exposure. However, we assess the anticipated foreign currency working capital requirements and capital asset acquisitions of our foreign operations and assess the need and cost to utilize financial instruments to hedge currency exposures on an ongoing basis and may hedge against exchange rate exposure in the future.

Results of Operations

This section should be read in conjunction with the discussion below under “Liquidity Outlook”.

Fiscal Years Ended April 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table contains selected Consolidated Statements of Operations information, which serves as the basis of the discussion of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023:

Revenue

Revenue for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $5.5 million and $2.7 million, respectively, representing an increase of approximately $2.8 million, or 102%, from 2023. The $2.8 million increase in revenue for the full year was mainly attributable to increases from sales and/or leases of USV products of $1.7 million and buoy products of $1.5 million, partially offset by decreases in consulting and other revenue of $0.4 million.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

The change in fair value of contingent consideration for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024, and 2023 was a loss of $0.1 million and a gain of $1.1 million respectively. This reflects the remeasurement of fair value upon the completion of the second and first earn out period as defined in the purchase and sale agreement related to the MAR acquisition.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include both product development costs (substantially completed during fiscal year 2024) as well as administrative costs, including the costs of products, materials and outside services used in our product development and unfunded research activities. Also included are professional fees, salaries and other personnel-related costs for employees and consultants engaged in sales and marketing and costs for executive, accounting and administrative personnel, and other general corporate expenses. Operating expenses during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 were $32.2 million as compared to $28.3 million for fiscal year 2023. The increase of $3.9 million is primarily due to expenses related to the activist shareholder activities noted above.

Interest income, net

Interest income, net consists of interest received on cash and cash equivalents, investments in money market accounts and short-term investments and is net of interest expense paid on certain obligations to third parties. Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments was $3.3 million as of April 30, 2024, compared to $34.9 million as of April 30, 2023. Interest income, net was approximately $0.8 million and $0.9 million for fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively, and reflects the decreased balance of our short term investments throughout the year, offset by rising interest rate environment experienced during fiscal 2024.

Other income

Other income for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 was zero and $1.7 million, respectively. The amount in the prior year relates to employee retention credits applied for previously filed payroll tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and proceeds received for an insurance claim.

Foreign exchange gain/(loss)

Foreign exchange gain was approximately $2,000 for fiscal year 2024 as compared to a foreign exchange gain of $1,000 for fiscal year 2023. The difference was attributable to the relative change in value of the British pound sterling dollar compared to the U.S. dollar.

Income tax benefit

Income tax benefit reflects the sale by the Company of New Jersey State net operating losses and research development credits under the New Jersey Economic Development Authority Tax Transfer programs, resulting in $1.3 million and $0.3 million of tax benefit related to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net cash used in operating activities

During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024, net cash flows used in operating activities was $29.8 million, an increase of $8.1 million compared to net cash used in operating activities during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2023. This increase is mainly driven by increased inventory purchases to satisfy backlog and pipeline of $3.2 million, increased contract liabilities of $2.3 million, increased accrued expenses of $1.8 million, as well as increased net operating losses of $1.2 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $25.5 million for fiscal year 2024 versus net cash provided by investing activities of approximately $20.5 million for fiscal year 2023. During fiscal 2024 many investments made during fiscal 2023 matured, resulting in cash inflows at maturity, which were then used to fund operating expenses.

Net cash provided by financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 was approximately $469,000 compared to net cash used in financing activities during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2023 of $14,000. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2024 was due to the proceeds received through issuance of stock under our At the Market offering.

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents

The effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents was not material during fiscal 2024 or fiscal 2023.

Liquidity Outlook

Since our inception, the cash flows from customer revenue have not been sufficient to fund our operations and provide the capital resources for our business. For the two-year period ended April 30, 2024 our aggregate revenue was $8.3 million, our aggregate net losses were $53.8 million and our aggregate net cash used in operating activities was $51.5 million.

Subsequent to fiscal year end 2024 and through the date of filing management obtained additional capital financing of approximately $6.2 million under the 2023 ATM Facility. The Company’s current cash balance may not be sufficient to fund its planned expenditures through twelve months from the filing date of the Form 10-K. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company’s operations in the future and/or obtaining the necessary financing to meet its obligations and repay its liabilities arising from normal business operations when they become due. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes the Company is a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from any uncertainty related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material.

We expect to devote substantial resources to continue our enhancement efforts for our products and to expand our sales, marketing and manufacturing programs associated with the continued commercialization of our products. Our future capital requirements will depend on several factors, including but not limited to:

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this report. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report may not occur as contemplated and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. These factors are not intended to represent a complete list of the general or specific factors that may affect us. You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this filing. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet financing activities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring companies to (1) disclose consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective rate reconciliation and (2) provide information on income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, although early adoption is permitted. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU 2023-09 on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” This ASU improves financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU 2023-07 on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are listed in Item 15 - “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information we disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is gathered and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Based on their evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of April 30, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting and the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

Management’s report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2024, based upon the framework presented in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Based on its assessment, Management concluded that that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of April 30, 2024 due to the following:

When the deficiencies identified within each of the above areas are considered in aggregate, these deficiencies rise to the level of material weaknesses.

These material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement to our annual or interim financial statements. As the business grows, new processes and procedures will need to be implemented. We are continuing our remediation plan and are in the process of implementing measures designed to improve internal control over financial reporting to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses. This includes, among other things, reviewing the need for additional resources as well as ensuring personnel possess or obtain appropriate expertise to perform specific reviews of technical areas, and designing and implementing improved processes.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes that the financial statements and related financial information included in this Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our balance sheets, statements of operations, statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) and statements of cash flows as of and for the periods presented. We are committed to establishing and maintaining a strong internal control environment. We will continue to assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and implement measures designed to help ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses are remediated as soon as possible.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended April 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required in response to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required in response to this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

The information required in response to this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required in response to this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required in response to this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1) Financial Statements: See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1.

(3) Exhibits: See Exhibit Index on pages 53 to 54.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Exhibits Index

+ Indicates that confidential treatment has been requested for this exhibit.

++ Filed herewith.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

** As provided in Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K, this exhibit shall not be deemed to be “filed” or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liability under those sections.

*** As provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liability under those sections.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of April 30, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of April 30, 2024 and 2023, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1(b) to the financial statements, the Company has recurring net losses and net cash flow used in operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1(b). The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition

As described in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, a significant portion of the Company’s revenue is generated pursuant to nonstandard written contractual arrangements to design, develop, and manufacture products, and to provide related technical and other services according to the specifications of the customers. Because of the uniqueness of the terms and conditions in the customer contracts, there is significant analysis, and at times significant judgments, that are made by management when evaluating the contracts for proper revenue recognition. The Company’s performance obligations under these contractual agreements are satisfied over time. For performance obligations satisfied over time, revenue is generally recognized by measuring progress through costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion, which requires management to estimate both total expected project costs and expected gross margin, including evaluating customer change orders, to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize, which can require significant management judgment.

We identified revenue recognition pertaining to customer contracts satisfied over time as a critical audit matter as there are significant judgments exercised by management evaluating their revenue contracts and in the estimate of the progress towards completion of its projects and determining the timing of revenue recognition. Given the high degree of management judgment involved in analyzing the terms and conditions of the Company’s unique customer contracts and the various management estimates that are used in the revenue calculations, the audit effort required to evaluate management’s judgments in determining revenue recognition for the Company’s contracts was extensive and required a high degree of auditor judgment.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to revenue recognition specific to management’s analysis of customer contract terms and application of relevant accounting guidance as well as determination of significant assumptions used in computing revenue. We selected a sample of contracts with customers and performed the following audit procedures: Obtained the customer contract, related invoices, purchase orders, and management revenue recognition analysis for a sample of revenue transactions to evaluate if relevant contractual terms and transaction price were appropriately considered by management and conclusions on revenue recognition method were in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance; and evaluated management’s estimations of total contract cost and contract profit by assessing actual costs to date against projections made throughout the course of the contract term.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)